Background

Gelatine is one of the components commonly used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical products due to its gelling properties. The most commonly used gelatines in those products are porcine and bovine gelatines. Unclear labelling and information regarding the actual sources of gelatines in products have become the main concern among societies in terms of religion and health aspects. Porcine gelatine (PG) is prohibited to be consumed by Muslim and Jewish and considered non-halal (and non-kosher) following some scholars of thought. While bovine gelatine (BG) is associated with certain diseases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, as a consequence, there is a need to develop reliable methods for identifying gelatine sources in the products.

Scope and approach

This review highlighted some analytical methods including physico-chemical methods as well as biological methods along with advantage and disadvantage for differentiation of gelatines intended to halal authentication studies.

Key Findings and Conclusions: Some analytical methods are used for screening PG and BG using physico-chemical properties including chemical precipitation, functional groups (FTIR spectroscopy), amino acid composition (liquid chromatography), detection and quantification of DNA (real-time polymerase chain reaction/RT-PCR), molecular weight distribution (electrophoresis), and protein (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA). These methods are confirmed by identification of peptide markers which are specific for PG and BG using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and DNA based method using polymerase chain reaction.

中文翻译：

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食品和药品中猪明胶的清真认证分析方法综述

背景

明胶由于其胶凝特性而成为食品，化妆品和药品中常用的成分之一。这些产品中最常用的明胶是猪和牛明胶。关于产品中明胶的实际来源的不明确标签和信息，已成为社会在宗教和健康方面的主要关注点。穆斯林和犹太人禁止食用猪明胶（PG），并且根据一些思想家的观点，猪肉被认为是非清真食品（和非犹太食品）。因此，尽管牛明胶（BG）与牛海绵状脑病的某些疾病有关，但仍需要开发可靠的方法来鉴定产品中的明胶来源。

范围和方法

这篇综述着重介绍了一些分析方法，包括物理化学方法和生物学方法，以及用于清真认证研究的明胶区分的优缺点。

主要发现和结论：一些利用物理化学性质分析PG和BG的分析方法包括化学沉淀，官能团（FTIR光谱），氨基酸组成（液相色谱），DNA的检测和定量（实时聚合酶链）反应/ RT-PCR），分子量分布（电泳）和蛋白质（酶联免疫吸附测定，ELISA）。这些方法通过使用液相色谱-串联质谱（LC-MS / MS）和基于DNA的方法（使用聚合酶链反应）鉴定对PG和BG特异的肽标记物来证实。