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Investigating putative depression-like states in the domestic dog: does greater time spent displaying waking inactivity in the home kennel co-vary with negative judgment of ambiguity?
Applied Animal Behaviour Science ( IF 2.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105025
Naomi D. Harvey , Alexandra Moesta , Chanakarn Wongsaengchan , Hannah Harris , Peter J. Craigon , Carole Fureix

Abstract Exposure to chronic stressors and/or traumatic events can trigger depression-like forms of waking inactivity in non-human species (mice, horses, primates) as well as clinical depression in humans. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that elevated levels of waking inactivity in the home environment, in tandem with exposure to chronic stress and/or traumatic events, could reflect a depression-like condition in the domestic dog. We tested this hypothesis in shelter dogs by investigating the association between greater time spent inactive ‘awake but motionless’ (ABM) in the home-pen and a core symptom of human clinical depression; low mood, using negative judgment of ambiguity as a proxy. Subjects were 20 dogs from across three shelters (10F:10 M, aged 3.8 years ± SD 2.0; 45% seized as part of legal cases, 30% found as strays, 25% relinquished to the shelters). Time spent ABM was determined from 6 h of video per dog (one daily 2-h period recorded across three consecutive days, following a day and time period blocked design). To measure judgment of ambiguity, dogs were trained in a location discrimination task that a bowl either contained food (positive location) or was empty (negative location). Dogs were tested with one negative, one positive, and one ambiguous (equidistant to the two training positions) trial. Negative judgment of ambiguity manifests as longer latencies to reach the ambiguous bowl. We created a positive expectancy score by adjusting the latency in the ambiguous trial to the latency to approach the negative and positive locations (higher scores indicating bias towards expecting more positive outcomes). Time spent ABM was compared against positive expectancy scores using a multivariable GLM. Dogs were ABM for a median of 2.8% of the scans (Q1: 0.75%, Q3: 4.75), with clear inter-individual variation (0–20.4%). In the cognitive judgment bias, stray dogs reached the learning criterion faster than those of other origins (ANOVA: F19 = 4.03, p = 0.037; Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, Chi22 = 7.88, p = 0.019). During the test trials, all latencies statistically differed from each other (Negative > Ambiguous > Positive, Friedman test Chi-square(2) = 33.90, p = 0.05) with time spent ABM, therefore the hypothesis was not supported. We discuss reasons for observing such general ‘optimistic’ tendencies in this study, as well as further research directions.

中文翻译:

调查家犬推定的抑郁样状态:在家庭犬舍中花费更多时间表现出清醒时不活动是否与模糊的负面判断共同变化?

摘要 暴露于慢性压力源和/或创伤性事件可引发非人类物种(小鼠、马、灵长类动物)中类似抑郁症的清醒状态以及人类的临床抑郁症。本研究旨在检验以下假设:家庭环境中清醒时不活动的程度升高,同时暴露于慢性压力和/或创伤事件,可能反映家犬的抑郁样状况。我们在收容所的狗中测试了这一假设,方法是调查在家庭围栏中花费更多时间“清醒但不动”(ABM)与人类临床抑郁症的核心症状之间的关联;情绪低落,使用模糊的负面判断作为代理。对象是来自三个收容所的 20 只狗(10F:10 M,年龄 3.8 岁 ± SD 2.0;45% 作为法律案件的一部分被查获,30% 被发现为流浪者,25% 的人放弃了庇护所)。ABM 花费的时间是根据每只狗 6 小时的视频确定的(在一天和时间段的阻塞设计之后,连续三天记录一个每天 2 小时的时间段)。为了测量歧义的判断,狗接受了位置辨别任务的训练,即碗里有食物(正位置)或空(负位置)。狗接受了一项阴性、一项阳性和一项不明确(与两个训练位置等距)的试验。歧义的负面判断表现为到达歧义碗的延迟时间更长。我们通过将模糊试验中的延迟调整为接近负面和正面位置的延迟(分数越高表示对期望更积极结果的偏见),创造了一个积极的期望分数。使用多变量 GLM 将花费的 ABM 时间与正期望分数进行比较。狗的 ABM 扫描的中位数为 2.8%(Q1:0.75%,Q3:4.75),具有明显的个体间差异(0-20.4%)。在认知判断偏差中,流浪狗比其他来源的狗更快地达到学习标准(方差分析:F19 = 4.03,p = 0.037;Kaplan-Meier 生存分析,Chi22 = 7.88,p = 0.019)。在测试试验期间,所有延迟在统计上彼此不同(负 > 模糊 > 正,弗里德曼检验卡方 (2) = 33.90,p = 0.05)与花费的 ABM 时间,因此假设不支持。我们讨论了在本研究中观察到这种普遍“乐观”趋势的原因,以及进一步的研究方向。75%,Q3:4.75),具有明显的个体差异(0-20.4%)。在认知判断偏差中,流浪狗比其他来源的狗更快地达到学习标准(方差分析:F19 = 4.03,p = 0.037;Kaplan-Meier 生存分析,Chi22 = 7.88,p = 0.019)。在测试试验期间,所有延迟在统计上彼此不同(负 > 模棱两可 > 正,弗里德曼检验卡方 (2) = 33.90,p = 0.05)与花费的 ABM 时间,因此假设不支持。我们讨论了在本研究中观察到这种普遍“乐观”趋势的原因,以及进一步的研究方向。75%,Q3:4.75),具有明显的个体差异(0-20.4%)。在认知判断偏差中,流浪狗比其他来源的狗更快地达到学习标准(方差分析:F19 = 4.03,p = 0.037;Kaplan-Meier 生存分析,Chi22 = 7.88,p = 0.019)。在测试试验期间,所有延迟在统计上彼此不同(负 > 模糊 > 正,弗里德曼检验卡方 (2) = 33.90,p = 0.05)与花费的 ABM 时间,因此假设不支持。我们讨论了在本研究中观察到这种普遍“乐观”趋势的原因,以及进一步的研究方向。88,p = 0.019)。在测试试验期间,所有延迟在统计上彼此不同(负 > 模糊 > 正,弗里德曼检验卡方 (2) = 33.90,p = 0.05)与花费的 ABM 时间,因此假设不支持。我们讨论了在本研究中观察到这种普遍“乐观”趋势的原因,以及进一步的研究方向。88,p = 0.019)。在测试试验期间,所有延迟在统计上彼此不同(负 > 模糊 > 正,弗里德曼检验卡方 (2) = 33.90,p = 0.05)与花费的 ABM 时间,因此假设不支持。我们讨论了在本研究中观察到这种普遍“乐观”趋势的原因,以及进一步的研究方向。
更新日期:2020-09-01
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