Abstract To investigate whether zebu (Bos indicus) cows organize in different social groups according to their physiological state, cow–cow and cow–calf distances were measured. A single herd of 31 multiparous cows around parturition was observed for 6 weeks. Through the evaluation period, animals were classified as pregnant (P), calving (C) and lactating (L) cows according to their physiological state during each sampling day. In addition, calves were registered as they were born. Aerial pictures were used to determine individual animal position. The range of P cows was larger than that of calves, and both were larger than that of C cows (5319 ± 373 vs. 3809 ± 373 vs. 1712 ± 457 m2, respectively), while no differences were observed between L cows (4000 ± 385 m2) and the other groups. In addition, P cows walked longer distances than the other groups (359.4 ± 8.5 vs. 303.2 ± 14.0, 258.3 ± 334.3 and 259.1 ± 10.4 m for P vs. L, C and calves, respectively; P

中文翻译：

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瘤牛和犊牛（Bos indicus）的种群动态和分布受产前、产中和产后状态的影响

摘要 为了研究瘤牛（Bos indicus）奶牛是否根据其生理状态组织在不同的社会群体中，测量了牛-牛和牛-小牛的距离。在 6 周内观察到 31 头经产奶牛在分娩前后的单一牛群。在评估期间，根据动物在每个采样日的生理状态，将动物分为怀孕（P）、产犊（C）和泌乳（L）奶牛。此外，小牛在出生时就进行了登记。航拍照片用于确定单个动物的位置。P 奶牛的范围大于小牛，并且都大于 C 奶牛（分别为 5319 ± 373 对 3809 ± 373 对 1712 ± 457 m2），而 L 奶牛（4000 ± 385 m2) 和其他组。此外，