Exposure to predation should affect prey responses to predators by selecting for threat recognition and/or general risk avoidance. We investigated whether native and non-native predator density on the home reefs of juvenile striped parrotfish, Scarus iseri, which reflects their early exposure to predation risk, influences their behavioural responses and survival when faced with some of these predators under controlled conditions. In aquaria, parrotfish exhibited evasive behaviour, in the form of increased immobility and increased distance from threat, in response to visual and chemical cues from native predatory grouper (Epinephelus striatus) but not from invasive Indo-Pacific lionfish (Pterois sp.), suggesting no evidence of risk perception in relation to the non-native predator. However, parrotfish from high-risk reefs exhibited more evasive behaviours and colour responses (i.e. more mottled coloration) in response to all stimuli than parrotfish from low-risk reefs. Moreover, more parrotfish from high-risk reefs than from low-risk reefs survived in direct encounters with lionfish, and those parrotfish that survived were those that had displayed increased immobility when exposed to lionfish cues. We suggest that predation, especially by non-native lionfish, targeting risk-taking fish could result in greater overall cautiousness in some prey populations. This heightened risk avoidance ultimately aids prey fish to evade non-native lionfish, even in the absence of predator recognition.

中文翻译：

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早期暴露于捕食对暴露于非本地捕食者的鱼类的风险感知和生存的影响

暴露于捕食应通过选择威胁识别和/或一般风险规避来影响猎物对捕食者的反应。我们调查了幼年条纹鹦嘴鱼 Scarus iseri 的原生和非本地捕食者密度是否会影响它们在受控条件下面对其中一些捕食者时的行为反应和生存，这反映了它们早期暴露于捕食风险。在水族馆中，鹦嘴鱼表现出回避行为，表现为不动性增加和与威胁的距离增加，以响应来自本地掠食性石斑鱼（Epinephelus striatus）的视觉和化学线索，而不是来自入侵的印度太平洋狮子（Pterois sp.），Suggestfish没有证据表明与非本地捕食者有关的风险感知。然而，与来自低风险珊瑚礁的鹦嘴鱼相比，来自高风险珊瑚礁的鹦嘴鱼对所有刺激表现出更多的回避行为和颜色反应（即更斑驳的颜色）。此外，在与狮子鱼的直接接触中，来自高风险珊瑚礁的鹦鹉鱼多于来自低风险珊瑚礁的鹦鹉鱼，而那些幸存下来的鹦鹉鱼是那些在暴露于狮子鱼线索时表现出更多不动的鹦鹉鱼。我们认为，以冒险鱼类为目标的捕食，尤其是非本地狮子鱼的捕食，可能会导致某些猎物种群更加谨慎。即使在没有捕食者识别的情况下，这种提高的风险规避最终也有助于猎物逃避非本地狮子鱼。在与狮子鱼的直接接触中，来自高风险珊瑚礁的鹦鹉鱼多于来自低风险珊瑚礁的鹦鹉鱼，而那些幸存下来的鹦鹉鱼是那些在暴露于狮子鱼线索时表现出更多不动的鹦鹉鱼。我们认为，以冒险鱼类为目标的捕食，尤其是非本地狮子鱼的捕食，可能会导致某些猎物种群更加谨慎。即使在没有捕食者识别的情况下，这种提高的风险规避最终也有助于猎物逃避非本地狮子鱼。在与狮子鱼的直接接触中，来自高风险珊瑚礁的鹦鹉鱼多于来自低风险珊瑚礁的鹦鹉鱼，而那些幸存下来的鹦鹉鱼是那些在暴露于狮子鱼线索时表现出更多不动的鹦鹉鱼。我们认为，以冒险鱼类为目标的捕食，尤其是非本地狮子鱼的捕食，可能会导致某些猎物种群更加谨慎。即使在没有捕食者识别的情况下，这种提高的风险规避最终也有助于猎物逃避非本地狮子鱼。以冒险鱼类为目标可能会导致某些猎物种群更加谨慎。即使在没有捕食者识别的情况下，这种提高的风险规避最终也有助于猎物逃避非本地狮子鱼。以冒险鱼类为目标可能会导致某些猎物种群更加谨慎。即使在没有捕食者识别的情况下，这种提高的风险规避最终也有助于猎物逃避非本地狮子鱼。