Expansion of government R&D budgets on promoting electric vehicle (EV) adoption and charging infrastructure development is likely to continue to be a key component of ecological innovation policies. Using an original data set of non-patent literature (NPL) references extracted from patent documents pertaining to EV charging technologies, this paper provides new evidence on the flows of knowledge with or without a scientific contribution from the business sector. Three main questions are addressed in this paper for exploring whether different patterns of knowledge flows emerge between contributions involving academics and or the business sector not only contributes towards a better understanding of the interrelations between scientific and technological fields regarding EV charging but also serves the purpose of fostering more partnerships and unlocking further investments in research. First, what information facilitates knowledge flow from science to technology? NPL references with authors from the business sector have received a lower number of patent citations on average, and universities still occupy the primary locus of knowledge production. However, patents citing firm publications have a particular focus on technologies relating to stations and rail vehicles and have a broader scope, a larger family size, more claims and forward citations compared to others on average. Second, are there any differences between the types of author contributions? Firms’ collaborations with academia in NPL references contribute to an even higher index, while the patents published between 2001 and 2005 with citations to collaborative scholarly works from the business sector have been cited less than the others. Finally, how are non-patent citations relevant to assignments of patents and patent applications, as well as other events that affect title or patent ownership? Patents citing firm publications in general have fewer assignments, but more on average and patents citing collaborative works are more likely to be changed in titles or ownerships. The role of firm publication needs to be further explored in a border technological field considering its specific relevance both to generating applied technologies and technology transfer as indicated by EV charging patents.

中文翻译：

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专利文献中商业领域文献的参考：电动汽车充电技术案例研究

扩大政府研发预算以促进电动汽车 (EV) 的采用和充电基础设施的发展，可能会继续成为生态创新政策的关键组成部分。本文使用从与电动汽车充电技术相关的专利文件中提取的非专利文献 (NPL) 参考文献的原始数据集，提供了关于知识流的新证据，无论是否有商业部门的科学贡献。本文解决了三个主要问题，以探讨学术界和/或企业界的贡献之间是否出现不同的知识流动模式，不仅有助于更好地理解有关电动汽车充电的科学和技术领域之间的相互关系，而且还有助于促进更多的合作伙伴关系并释放对研究的进一步投资。首先，什么信息促进了知识从科学到技术的流动？来自商业部门作者的 NPL 引用平均获得的专利引用次数较少，大学仍然占据知识生产的主要场所。然而，引用公司出版物的专利特别关注与车站和轨道车辆相关的技术，并且范围更广，与其他平均水平相比，更大的家庭规模、更多的声明和前向引用。其次，作者贡献的类型之间有什么区别吗？公司与学术界在 NPL 参考文献方面的合作促成了更高的指数，而 2001 年至 2005 年间发表的专利引用了商业部门的合作学术著作，其被引用次数少于其他专利。最后，非专利引用如何与专利和专利申请的转让以及影响所有权或专利所有权的其他事件相关？引用公司出版物的专利通常具有较少的转让，但平均而言更多，引用合作作品的专利更有可能在标题或所有权方面发生变化。