This study highlighted the effects of chronic chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the benefits of using dietary Chlorella vulgaris (Ch) to ameliorate CPF-induced toxicity. Genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and stress-responsive proteins in the liver as well as cytokine expression in the spleen and head kidney were evaluated in O. niloticus fed with a basal diet or diets containing 1, 2, and 3% of supplementary Ch against 15 mg/L CPF at 4 and 8 weeks. CPF-exposed groups displayed a notable induction in the hepatic expression of heat shock protein 70/hsp70, glutathione peroxidase/GPx, and glutathione synthase/GSS, while glutathione reductase/GSR was markedly decreased. The mRNA levels of interleukin 1β/IL-1β, TNF-α, transforming growth factor β1/TGFβ1, and interleukin 8/ IL-8 in the spleen and head kidney increased significantly after CPF exposure. Interestingly, Ch supplementation, particularly at levels 2 and 3%, was able to modulate the stress and immune-related genes of Nile tilapia sub-chronically exposed to CPF. These outcomes provide valuable insights regarding the toxic impact of chronic exposure to CPF in fish at the molecular level and a better understanding of the Ch dietary vital roles. Besides, our findings encourage adequate monitoring of pesticide levels owing to its impacts on fish health and human as a final consumer.

中文翻译：

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日粮小球藻补充食品对尼罗罗非鱼毒死rif引起的毒性的抗氧化和免疫保护作用。

这项研究突出了慢性毒死rif（CPF）暴露对尼罗罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus）的影响，以及食用寻常小球藻（Ch）改善CPF诱导的毒性的好处。在饲喂基础饮食或含1、2和3％补充Ch（15 mg）的基础饲喂的O. niloticus中评估了肝脏中编码抗氧化酶和应激反应蛋白以及脾脏和头部肾脏中细胞因子表达的基因/ L CPF在第4和第8周。CPF暴露组在热休克蛋白70 / hsp70，谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶/ GPx和谷胱甘肽合酶/ GSS的肝表达中表现出明显的诱导作用，而谷胱甘肽还原酶/ GSR明显降低。白细胞介素1β/IL-1β，TNF-α，转化生长因子β1/TGFβ1，CPF暴露后，脾脏和头部肾脏中的白介素8 / IL-8显着升高。有趣的是，补充Ch尤其是在2％和3％的水平下，能够调节亚慢性罗非鱼暴露于CPF下的应激和免疫相关基因。这些结果提供了关于长期暴露于鱼类的CPF在分子水平上的毒性影响的宝贵见解，以及对Ch饮食至关重要的作用的更好理解。此外，由于其对鱼类健康和最终消费者的影响，我们的研究结果鼓励对农药水平进行充分监测。这些结果提供了关于在分子水平上长期暴露于鱼中CPF的毒性影响的有价值的见解，并更好地了解了Ch饮食的重要作用。此外，由于其对最终用户鱼类健康和人类的影响，我们的研究结果鼓励对农药水平进行充分监测。这些结果提供了关于长期暴露于鱼类的CPF在分子水平上的毒性影响的宝贵见解，以及对Ch饮食至关重要的作用的更好理解。此外，由于其对最终用户鱼类健康和人类的影响，我们的研究结果鼓励对农药水平进行充分监测。