In energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs), geographic routing (GR) also known as location-aware routing has been developed because it uses neighbourhood locality data as an alternative of overall topology information for routing. But, this protocol frequently suffers from the energy holes in the data transmission resulting in path failure. To avoid this problem, energy-aware dual-path GR (EDGR) protocol has been suggested to improve the routing path from energy holes. However, it is unable to heal the energy holes since the node mobility can generate new energy holes. Also, higher mobility distance can cause high energy consumption (EC) and node failure. Hence in this article, an energy-efficient distributed collaboration mechanism is proposed with EDGR for \(k\)-coverage energy holes detection and healing in WSN that minimizes the delivery delay (DD). In this protocol, the distributed Voronoi-based collaboration (DVOC) method is applied in which the nodes can cooperate in energy holes detection and recovery. The nodes are enabled to monitor each other node’s critical locations around themselves by constructing the local Voronoi diagrams (LVDs). Moreover, an optimized DVOC (ODVOC) is proposed with EDGR in which intelligent water drop (IWD) algorithm is used to find the globally optimized routes to minimize the DD. Finally, the simulation outcomes demonstrate the ODVOC-EDGR accomplishes higher effectiveness than the EDGR and DVOC-EDGR in terms of different performance metrics.

在能量受限的无线传感器网络（WSN）中，已经开发了也称为位置感知路由的地理路由（GR），因为它使用邻域局部性数据作为路由的整体拓扑信息的替代方法。但是，该协议经常遭受数据传输中的能量空洞，从而导致路径故障。为了避免此问题，已提出了能量敏感的双路径GR（EDGR）协议来改善从能量孔的路由路径。但是，由于节点移动性会产生新的能量孔，因此无法修复能量孔。同样，较高的移动距离会导致高能耗（EC）和节点故障。因此，在本文中，针对\（k \），提出了一种具有EDGR的节能分布式协作机制。-在WSN中进行能量孔检测和修复，以最大程度地减少传递延迟（DD）。在该协议中，应用了基于分布式Voronoi的协作（DVOC）方法，其中节点可以协作进行能量空穴检测和恢复。通过构建本地Voronoi图（LVD），使节点能够监视彼此周围的其他节点的关键位置。此外，提出了一种具有EDGR的优化DVOC（ODVOC），其中使用智能水滴（IWD）算法来查找全局优化路线以最小化DD。最后，仿真结果表明，就不同的性能指标而言，ODVOC-EDGR比EDGR和DVOC-EDGR具有更高的有效性。