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Identification of RAG-like transposons in protostomes suggests their ancient bilaterian origin.
Mobile DNA ( IF 4.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-06 , DOI: 10.1186/s13100-020-00214-y
Eliza C Martin 1 , Célia Vicari 2 , Louis Tsakou-Ngouafo 2 , Pierre Pontarotti 2, 3 , Andrei J Petrescu 1 , David G Schatz 4
Affiliation  

Background V(D) J recombination is essential for adaptive immunity in jawed vertebrates and is initiated by the RAG1-RAG2 endonuclease. The RAG1 and RAG2 genes are thought to have evolved from a RAGL (RAG-like) transposon containing convergently-oriented RAG1-like (RAG1L) and RAG2-like (RAG2L) genes. Elements resembling this presumptive evolutionary precursor have thus far only been detected convincingly in deuterostomes, leading to the model that the RAGL transposon first appeared in an early deuterostome. Results We have identified numerous RAGL transposons in the genomes of protostomes, including oysters and mussels (phylum Mollusca) and a ribbon worm (phylum Nemertea), and in the genomes of several cnidarians. Phylogenetic analyses are consistent with vertical evolution of RAGL transposons within the Bilateria clade and with its presence in the bilaterian ancestor. Many of the RAGL transposons identified in protostomes are intact elements containing convergently oriented RAG1L and RAG2L genes flanked by terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and target site duplications with striking similarities with the corresponding elements in deuterostomes. In addition, protostome genomes contain numerous intact RAG1L-RAG2L adjacent gene pairs that lack detectable flanking TIRs. Domains and critical active site and structural amino acids needed for endonuclease and transposase activity are present and conserved in many of the predicted RAG1L and RAG2L proteins encoded in protostome genomes. Conclusions Active RAGL transposons were present in multiple protostome lineages and many were likely transmitted vertically during protostome evolution. It appears that RAGL transposons were broadly active during bilaterian evolution, undergoing multiple duplication and loss/fossilization events, with the RAGL genes that persist in present day protostomes perhaps constituting both active RAGL transposons and domesticated RAGL genes. Our findings raise the possibility that the RAGL transposon arose earlier in evolution than previously thought, either in an early bilaterian or prior to the divergence of bilaterians and non-bilaterians, and alter our understanding of the evolutionary history of this important group of transposons.

中文翻译:

原生动物中 RAG 样转座子的鉴定表明它们起源于古老的双边。

背景 V(D) J 重组对于有颌脊椎动物的适应性免疫至关重要,并且由 RAG1-RAG2 核酸内切酶启动。RAG1 和 RAG2 基因被认为是从含有趋同定向的 RAG1 样 (RAG1L) 和 RAG2 样 (RAG2L) 基因的 RAGL (RAG 样) 转座子进化而来的。迄今为止,与这种假定的进化前体相似的元素仅在氘核中令人信服地被检测到,这导致了 RAGL 转座子首次出现在早期氘核中的模型。结果 我们在包括牡蛎和贻贝(软体动物门)和丝带蠕虫(纽虫门)在内的原生动物基因组中以及在几种刺胞动物的基因组中鉴定了许多 RAGL 转座子。系统发育分析与 RAGL 转座子在 Bilateria 进化枝内的垂直进化及其在 bilateria 祖先中的存在一致。在原口体中鉴定的许多 RAGL 转座子是完整的元件,包含会聚定向的 RAG1L 和 RAG2L 基因,两侧是末端反向重复 (TIR) 和靶位点重复,与后口体中的相应元件具有惊人的相似性。此外,原生基因组包含许多完整的 RAG1L-RAG2L 相邻基因对,这些基因对缺乏可检测的侧翼 TIR。核酸内切酶和转座酶活性所需的结构域和关键活性位点以及结构氨基酸在许多预测的在原生动物基因组中编码的 RAG1L 和 RAG2L 蛋白中存在并保守。结论 活性 RAGL 转座子存在于多个原生动物谱系中,并且许多可能在原生动物进化过程中垂直传播。似乎 RAGL 转座子在双侧进化过程中广泛活跃,经历了多次复制和丢失/化石事件,在当今原生动物中持续存在的 RAGL 基因可能构成了活跃的 RAGL 转座子和驯化的 RAGL 基因。我们的研究结果提出了 RAGL 转座子在进化中比以前认为的更早出现的可能性,无论是在早期的双边动物中还是在双边动物和非双边动物的分歧之前,并改变了我们对这一重要转座子群进化史的理解。似乎 RAGL 转座子在双侧进化过程中广泛活跃,经历了多次复制和丢失/化石事件,在当今原生动物中持续存在的 RAGL 基因可能构成了活跃的 RAGL 转座子和驯化的 RAGL 基因。我们的研究结果提出了 RAGL 转座子在进化中比以前认为的更早出现的可能性,无论是在早期的双边动物中还是在双边动物和非双边动物的分歧之前,并改变了我们对这一重要转座子群进化史的理解。似乎 RAGL 转座子在双侧进化过程中广泛活跃,经历了多次复制和丢失/化石事件,在当今原生动物中持续存在的 RAGL 基因可能构成了活跃的 RAGL 转座子和驯化的 RAGL 基因。我们的研究结果提出了 RAGL 转座子在进化中比以前认为的更早出现的可能性,无论是在早期的双边动物中还是在双边动物和非双边动物的分歧之前,并改变了我们对这一重要转座子群进化史的理解。
更新日期:2020-05-06
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