Identification of gene expression traits unique to the human brain sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying human evolution. Here, we searched for uniquely human gene expression traits by analyzing 422 brain samples from humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and macaques representing 33 anatomical regions, as well as 88,047 cell nuclei composing three of these regions. Among 33 regions, cerebral cortex areas, hypothalamus, and cerebellar gray and white matter evolved rapidly in humans. At the cellular level, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors displayed more differences in the human evolutionary lineage than the neurons. Comparison of the bulk tissue and single-nuclei sequencing revealed that conventional RNA sequencing did not detect up to two-thirds of cell-type-specific evolutionary differences.

中文翻译：

---

人类，黑猩猩，bo黑猩猩和猕猴大脑的单细胞分辨率转录组图。

对人类大脑独特的基因表达特征的鉴定揭示了人类进化的潜在分子机制。在这里，我们通过分析来自代表33个解剖区域的人类，黑猩猩，bo黑猩猩和猕猴以及构成这些区域中三个区域的88,047个细胞核的422个大脑样本来搜索独特的人类基因表达特征。在33个区域中，人的大脑皮层区域，下丘脑以及小脑灰白色物质迅速发展。在细胞水平上，与神经元相比，星形胶质细胞和少突胶质祖细胞在人类进化谱系中显示出更多差异。大块组织测序和单核测序的比较表明，常规RNA测序不能检测到多达三分之二的细胞类型特异性进化差异。