Human brain organoids emerged in 2013 as a technology that, unlike prior in Vitro neural models, recapitulates brain development with a high degree of spatial and temporal fidelity. As the platform matured with more accurate reproduction of cerebral architecture, brain organoids became increasingly valuable for studying both normal cortical neurogenesis and a variety of congenital human brain disorders. While the majority of research utilizing human brain organoids has been in the realm of basic science, clinical applications are forthcoming. These present and future translational efforts have the potential to make a considerable impact on the field of neurosurgery. For example, glioma organoids are already being used to study tumor biology and drug responses, and adaptation for the investigation of other neurosurgery-relevant diseases is underway. Moreover, organoids are being explored as a structured neural substrate for repairing brain circuitry. Thus, we believe it is important for our field to be aware and have an accurate understanding of this emerging technology. In this review, we describe the key characteristics of human brain organoids, review their relevant translational applications, and discuss the ethical implications of their use through a neurosurgical lens.

中文翻译：

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面向神经外科医生的人脑类器官入门

人脑类器官于 2013 年作为一种技术出现，与之前的体外神经模型不同，它以高度的空间和时间保真度重现大脑发育。随着该平台随着大脑结构的更准确再现而成熟，大脑类器官对于研究正常的皮质神经发生和各种先天性人类大脑疾病变得越来越有价值。虽然大多数利用人脑类器官的研究都属于基础科学领域，但临床应用即将到来。这些目前和未来的转化工作有可能对神经外科领域产生相当大的影响。例如，胶质瘤类器官已经被用于研究肿瘤生物学和药物反应，并且正在适应其他神经外科相关疾病的研究。此外，正在探索类器官作为修复大脑回路的结构化神经基质。因此，我们认为了解并准确了解这一新兴技术对于我们的领域来说非常重要。在这篇综述中，我们描述了人脑类器官的关键特征，回顾了它们的相关转化应用，并通过神经外科镜头讨论了它们使用的伦理意义。