We present the first-ever mass-balance (MB) observation (2014–19), reconstruction (between 1978 and 2019) and sensitivity of debris-free Stok glacier (33.98°N, 77.45°E), Ladakh Region, India. In-situ MB was negative throughout the study period except in 2018/19 when the glacier witnessed a balanced condition. For MB modelling, three periods were considered based on the available data. Period I (1978–87, 1988/89) witnessed a near balance condition (−0.03 ± 0.35 m w.e. a−1) with five positive MB years. Whereas Period II (1998–2002, 2003–09) and III (2011–19) experienced high (−0.9 ± 0.35 m w.e. a−1) and moderate (−0.46 ± 0.35 m w.e. a−1) negative MBs, respectively. Glacier area for these periods was derived from the Corona, Landsat and PlanetScope imageries using a semi-automatic approach. The in-situ and modelled MBs were in good agreement with RMSE of 0.23 m w.e. a−1, R2 = 0.92, P < 0.05. The average mass loss was moderate (−0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e. a−1) over 28 hydrological years between 1978 and 2019. Sensitivity analysis showed that the glacier was more sensitive to summer temperature (−0.32 m w.e. a−1 °C−1) and winter precipitation (0.12 m w.e. a−1 for ± 10%). It was estimated that ~27% increase in precipitation is required on Stok glacier to compensate for the mass loss due to 1°C rise in temperature.

中文翻译：

---

1978年至2019年印度拉达克地区斯托克冰川的质量平衡观测、重建和敏感性

我们介绍了印度拉达克地区无碎片斯托克冰川（33.98°N，77.45°E）的首次质量平衡（MB）观测（2014-19 年）、重建（1978 年至 2019 年之间）和敏感性。除 2018/19 年冰川处于平衡状态外，整个研究期间原位 MB 均为负值。对于 MB 建模，根据可用数据考虑了三个时期。第一阶段（1978-87, 1988/89）见证了接近平衡的情况（-0.03 ± 0.35 m we a-1) 具有五个正 MB 年。鉴于第二阶段（1998-2002、2003-09）和第三阶段（2011-19）经历了高（-0.9 ± 0.35 m）-1) 和中等 (−0.46 ± 0.35 m we a-1) 负 MB，分别。这些时期的冰川区域是使用半自动方法从 Corona、Landsat 和 PlanetScope 图像中得出的。原位和模拟的 MB 与 0.23 m 的 RMSE 非常一致，我们是-1,R2= 0.92,磷< 0.05。平均质量损失适中（-0.47 ± 0.35 m we a-1) 1978 年至 2019 年间 28 个水文年。敏感性分析表明，冰川对夏季温度更为敏感（-0.32 m we a-1°C-1) 和冬季降水 (0.12 m we a-1± 10%）。据估计，斯托克冰川需要增加约 27% 的降水来补偿由于温度升高 1°C 而造成的质量损失。