ABSTRACT Environmental factors affecting the errors in wind speed estimates were investigated using the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (ALOS-2 PALSAR-2) data for the period from 1 November 2014 to 30 November 2017. In total, 45 ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 Stripmap Fine mode images with horizontal dual-polarization were collected, and the wind speeds were calculated using the L-band Geophysical Model Function (GMF) in 2009. Validation of the SAR-derived wind speeds to in-situ wind, converted to the 10-m neutral wind, resulted in the root-mean-square error of 2.11 ms−1, bias error of −1.16 m s−1, and standard deviation of 1.78 m s−1. Investigation of the wind speed errors revealed the contributions of diverse oceanic environmental factors such as the ship and its side-lobe effect that is negligible at a distance of more than 200% of the ship radius, v-shaped ship wakes are accompanied by the Kelvin waves and turbulent wakes caused by ship movement. The sand ridge, formed due to the interaction of shallow bathymetry and tidal currents, contributed to the wind speed errors of more than 50%. The internal waves caused prominent wind speed errors of more than 100%. The atmospheric gravity waves, generated by the orographic effect, caused wind speed fluctuations up to 13.4 m s−1. This study addressed the importance of understanding the factors that affect the normalized radar cross-section of the SAR image in order to correctly retrieve wind speeds from SAR data.

中文翻译：

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影响ALOS-2 PALSAR风速误差的环境因素特征

风速误差的调查揭示了多种海洋环境因素的贡献，例如船舶及其旁瓣效应在超过船舶半径的 200% 的距离内可以忽略不计，V 形船舶尾流伴随开尔文船舶运动引起的波浪和湍流尾流。由于浅水深和潮汐流相互作用而形成的沙脊导致了超过 50% 的风速误差。内波造成了超过 100% 的显着风速误差。由地形效应产生的大气重力波导致风速波动高达 13.4 ms-1。本研究强调了了解影响 SAR 图像归一化雷达截面的因素的重要性，以便从 SAR 数据中正确检索风速。