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Food web properties vary with climate and land use in South African streams
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-26 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13601 Michelle C. Jackson 1, 2, 3 , Hermina E. Fourie 3 , Tatenda Dalu 4, 5 , Darragh J. Woodford 5, 6 , Ryan J. Wasserman 5, 7 , Tsungai A. Zengeya 3, 8 , Bruce R. Ellender 5, 9 , Peter K. Kimberg 10 , Martine S. Jordaan 5, 11, 12 , Christian T. Chimimba 3 , Olaf L. F. Weyl 13, 14
中文翻译：
粮食网的属性随南非溪流的气候和土地利用而变化
更新日期：2020-06-26
Functional Ecology ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-06-26 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13601 Michelle C. Jackson 1, 2, 3 , Hermina E. Fourie 3 , Tatenda Dalu 4, 5 , Darragh J. Woodford 5, 6 , Ryan J. Wasserman 5, 7 , Tsungai A. Zengeya 3, 8 , Bruce R. Ellender 5, 9 , Peter K. Kimberg 10 , Martine S. Jordaan 5, 11, 12 , Christian T. Chimimba 3 , Olaf L. F. Weyl 13, 14
Affiliation
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- Land use intensification and climate change are two prominent drivers of variation in biological communities. However, we know very little about how these two potential environmental stressors interact. Here we use a stable isotope approach to quantify how animal communities respond to urban and agriculture land use, and to latitudinal variation in climate (rainfall and temperature), in 29 streams across South Africa.
- Community structure was shaped by both land use and climatic factors. The taxonomic diversity of invertebrates was best explained by an independent negative effect of urbanization, while abundance declined in summer. However, we could not use our variables to predict fish diversity (suggesting that other factors may be more important).
- Both trophic functional diversity (quantifed using isotopic richness) and food chain length declined with increasing temperature. Functional redundancy (quantifed using isotopic uniqueness) in the invertebrate community was high in wet areas, and a synergistic interaction with urbanization caused the lowest values in dry urban regions. There was an additive effect of agriculture and rainfall on abundance‐weighted vertebrate functional diversity (quantified using isotopic dispersion), with the former causing a decline in dispersion, with this partially compensated for by high rainfall.
- In most cases, we found that a single dominant driver (either climate or land use) explained variation between streams. We only found two incidences of combined effects improving the model, one of which was amplified (i.e. the drivers combined to cause an effect larger than the sum of their independent effects), indicating that management should first focus on mitigating the dominant stressor in stream ecosystems for successful restoration efforts.
- Overall, our study indicates subtle food web responses to multiple drivers of change, only identified by using functional isotope metrics—these are a useful tool for a whole‐systems biology understanding of global change.
中文翻译：
粮食网的属性随南非溪流的气候和土地利用而变化
- 土地利用集约化和气候变化是生物群落变化的两个主要驱动力。但是，我们对这两个潜在的环境压力因素如何相互作用知之甚少。在这里，我们使用稳定的同位素方法来量化整个南非29条河流中动物群落对城市和农业用地的反应以及气候的纬度变化（降雨和温度）的反应。
- 社区结构受土地利用和气候因素的影响。无脊椎动物的分类学多样性可以最好地解释为城市化的独立负面影响，而夏季的丰度却下降了。但是，我们无法使用变量来预测鱼类的多样性（建议其他因素可能更重要）。
- 营养功能多样性（用同位素丰富度定量）和食物链长度均随温度升高而下降。在潮湿地区，无脊椎动物群落的功能冗余（使用同位素唯一性量化）较高，与城市化的协同相互作用导致干旱地区的最低值。农业和降雨对丰富度加权的脊椎动物功能多样性（用同位素弥散量量化）具有累加效应，前者引起弥散度下降，而高降雨则部分弥补了这种影响。
- 在大多数情况下，我们发现单个主要驱动因素（气候或土地利用）解释了溪流之间的变化。我们仅发现了两种联合效应改善了模型的情况，其中一种被放大（即，驱动因素组合产生的效应大于其独立效应的总和），表明管理应首先着重减轻河流生态系统中的主要压力源。进行成功的修复工作。
- 总体而言，我们的研究表明，食物网对多种变化动因的微妙反应，只有通过使用功能性同位素指标才能确定，这些是使整个系统生物学了解全球变化的有用工具。
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