Food security is affected by climate change, population growth, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses. Conventional and molecular marker assisted breeding and genetic engineering techniques have been employed extensively for improving resistance to biotic stress in crop plants. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have permitted the exploration and identification of parts of the genome that extend beyond the regions with protein coding potential. These non-coding regions of the genome are transcribed to generate many types of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs are involved in the regulation of growth, development, and response to stresses at transcriptional and translational levels. ncRNAs, including long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), small RNAs and circular RNAs have been recognized as important regulators of gene expression in plants and have been suggested to play important roles in plant immunity and adaptation to abiotic and biotic stresses. In this article, we have reviewed the current state of knowledge with respect to lncRNAs and their mechanism(s) of action as well as their regulatory functions, specifically within the context of biotic stresses. Additionally, we have provided insights into how our increased knowledge about lncRNAs may be used to improve crop tolerance to these devastating biotic stresses.

中文翻译：

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非编码 RNA 作为作物改良的新兴目标

粮食安全受到气候变化、人口增长以及非生物和生物压力的影响。常规和分子标记辅助育种和基因工程技术已被广泛用于提高作物对生物胁迫的抗性。下一代测序技术的进步已经允许探索和识别超出具有蛋白质编码潜力的区域的基因组部分。基因组的这些非编码区域被转录以产生多种类型的非编码 RNA (ncRNA)。这些 ncRNA 在转录和翻译水平上参与调节生长、发育和应激反应。ncRNA，包括长 ncRNA (lncRNA)，小 RNA 和环状 RNA 已被认为是植物基因表达的重要调节因子，并被认为在植物免疫和对非生物和生物胁迫的适应中发挥重要作用。在本文中，我们回顾了关于 lncRNA 及其作用机制及其调节功能的当前知识状态，特别是在生物胁迫的背景下。此外，我们还提供了有关如何利用我们对 lncRNA 的更多知识来提高作物对这些破坏性生物胁迫的耐受性的见解。我们回顾了有关 lncRNA 及其作用机制及其调节功能的当前知识状态，特别是在生物胁迫的背景下。此外，我们还提供了有关如何利用我们对 lncRNA 的更多知识来提高作物对这些破坏性生物胁迫的耐受性的见解。我们回顾了有关 lncRNA 及其作用机制及其调节功能的当前知识状态，特别是在生物胁迫的背景下。此外，我们还提供了有关如何利用我们对 lncRNA 的更多知识来提高作物对这些破坏性生物胁迫的耐受性的见解。