Abstract In the present study, highly porous activated carbon has been processed by an economical way which can be suitable for Lithium/Sodium ion batteries. Activated carbon was produced from a wasteland biomass of Calotropis gigantea stem using bleaching powder (CaOCl2) as chemical activating agent, in the ratio of 0.5:1 and 1:1 of chemical and biomass at different activation temperatures of 400 °C, 600 °C and 900 °C in normal atmospheric conditions. Characterisations like X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) were done to find its suitability in Lithium/Sodium (Li /Na) ion battery applications. Presence of graphitic structure is found from XRD analysis. Functional groups found from FTIR analysis are active adsorption sites. Raman spectroscopy ordered graphitic structure is prerequisite for electrochemical performance. The highly porous activated carbon surface observed from FESEM analysis is further confirmed to have both mesopores and also micropores with appropriate surface area, through BET surface area analysis. Highly porous activated carbon and crystalline graphitic structure confirmed from HRTEM analysis makes it useful as an anode material for Li /Na ion batteries.

中文翻译：

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从 Calotropis gigantea 中加工活性炭的经济方法及其在锂/钠离子电池中的适用性

摘要 在目前的研究中，高孔隙度活性炭已通过一种经济的方式加工而成，适用于锂/钠离子电池。用漂白粉（CaOCl2）作为化学活化剂，以0.5:1和1:1的化学物质与生物质的比例，在400°C、600°C的不同活化温度下，以Calotropis gigantea茎的荒地生物质生产活性炭和 900 °C 在正常大气条件下。已完成 X 射线衍射 (XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR)、拉曼光谱和场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜 (HRTEM) 等表征以发现其适用于锂/钠（Li/Na）离子电池应用。从XRD分析发现石墨结构的存在。从 FTIR 分析中发现的官能团是活性吸附位点。拉曼光谱有序的石墨结构是电化学性能的先决条件。通过 BET 表面积分析，从 FESEM 分析观察到的高度多孔的活性炭表面被进一步证实具有适当表面积的介孔和微孔。HRTEM 分析证实的高度多孔活性炭和结晶石墨结构使其可用作锂/钠离子电池的负极材料。通过 BET 表面积分析。HRTEM 分析证实的高度多孔活性炭和结晶石墨结构使其可用作锂/钠离子电池的负极材料。通过 BET 表面积分析。HRTEM 分析证实的高度多孔活性炭和结晶石墨结构使其可用作锂/钠离子电池的负极材料。