Abstract The breeze phenomenon is of great importance in coasts around the world owing to both its impact on local atmospheric dynamics and its influence on coastal processes. The northwest of the Yucatan Peninsula (YP) is characterized by the presence of intense sea breezes and Cold Surge (CS) events (locally known as Nortes). Field observations suggest that nearshore hydrodynamics and beach evolution in the study area are strongly controlled by waves generated during sea breeze events. In this paper, the diurnal wind component associated with the breeze phenomenon and its variability due to the presence of a CS event are investigated utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The WRF model is implemented in three nested domains with a maximum resolution of 3.6-km. The numerical model was validated with observations at 20 stations located across the YP, adequately reproducing wind speed and direction at Sisal, Yuc. coast, with a correlation coefficient of 0.56 and a circular correlation coefficient of 0.83, respectively. Diurnal wind components were least-squares fitted to a sinusoidal signal, and the resulting parameters were used to obtain an elliptical hodograph related to the breeze phenomenon. Numerical results suggest that sea breezes, with wind intensities higher than 10 ms−1, extend more than 100 km offshore in the northern YP. Although breeze events are caused by differential heating at a small spatial scale, particularly in the Gulf of Mexico, this diurnal signal exceeds the local spatial scale. Furthermore, the interaction between the sea breeze and the mean wind associated to the trade winds generates a line of convergence that crosses the YP. Model results allow us to identify that the mechanisms responsible of such large amplitude of the diurnal signal in this area are: (i) the thermal gradient, (ii) the relatively small value of the Coriolis force, (iii) the orography, (iv) the friction, and (v) the peninsula's geometry. The numerical results revealed that during the interaction between local breezes and a CS event, the diurnal signal remains, except for the initial day of the event. However, further research is needed to generalize the current results for other CS events with different intensity and displacement characteristics.

中文翻译：

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海陆风昼夜分量及其与尤卡坦剑麻海岸冷锋的相互作用：案例研究

摘要 微风现象在世界各地的海岸都具有重要意义，因为它既会影响当地的大气动力学，又会影响沿海过程。尤卡坦半岛 (YP) 西北部的特点是存在强烈的海风和冷涌 (CS) 事件（当地称为 Nortes）。实地观察表明，研究区的近岸流体动力学和海滩演化受到海风事件期间产生的波浪的强烈控制。在本文中，利用天气研究和预报 (WRF) 模型研究了与微风现象相关的昼夜风分量及其由于 CS 事件的存在而引起的变化。WRF 模型在三个嵌套域中实现，最大分辨率为 3.6 公里。该数值模型通过位于 YP 的 20 个站点的观测得到验证，充分再现了 Yuc 剑麻的风速和风向。Coast，相关系数分别为 0.56 和循环相关系数为 0.83。昼夜风分量采用最小二乘法拟合正弦信号，所得参数用于获得与微风现象相关的椭圆全线图。数值结果表明，风强度高于 10 ms-1 的海风在 YP 北部离岸延伸 100 多公里。尽管微风事件是由小空间尺度上的差异加热引起的，特别是在墨西哥湾，但这种昼夜信号超过了当地的空间尺度。此外，海风和与信风相关的平均风之间的相互作用产生了一条穿过 YP 的汇聚线。模型结果使我们能够确定导致该区域昼夜信号如此大振幅的机制是：（i）热梯度，（ii）科里奥利力的相对较小的值，（iii）地形，（iv ) 摩擦力，以及 (v) 半岛的几何形状。数值结果表明，在局部微风和 CS 事件之间的相互作用期间，除事件的最初一天外，昼夜信号仍然存在。然而，需要进一步的研究来概括具有不同强度和位移特征的其他 CS 事件的当前结果。模型结果使我们能够确定导致该区域昼夜信号如此大振幅的机制是：（i）热梯度，（ii）科里奥利力的相对较小的值，（iii）地形，（iv ) 摩擦力，以及 (v) 半岛的几何形状。数值结果表明，在局部微风和 CS 事件之间的相互作用期间，除事件的最初一天外，昼夜信号仍然存在。然而，需要进一步的研究来概括具有不同强度和位移特征的其他 CS 事件的当前结果。模型结果使我们能够确定导致该区域昼夜信号如此大振幅的机制是：（i）热梯度，（ii）科里奥利力的相对较小的值，（iii）地形，（iv ) 摩擦力，以及 (v) 半岛的几何形状。数值结果表明，在局部微风和 CS 事件之间的相互作用期间，除事件的最初一天外，昼夜信号仍然存在。然而，需要进一步的研究来概括具有不同强度和位移特征的其他 CS 事件的当前结果。数值结果表明，在局部微风和 CS 事件之间的相互作用期间，除事件的最初一天外，昼夜信号仍然存在。然而，需要进一步的研究来概括具有不同强度和位移特征的其他 CS 事件的当前结果。数值结果表明，在局部微风和 CS 事件之间的相互作用期间，除事件的最初一天外，昼夜信号仍然存在。然而，需要进一步的研究来概括具有不同强度和位移特征的其他 CS 事件的当前结果。