Abstract Inactivated (whole-virion, split, subunit, and adjuvanted) vaccines and live attenuated vaccine were tested in parallel to compare their immunogenicity and protective efficacy. Homologous and heterosubtypic protection against the challenge with influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses in a mouse model were studied. Single immunization with live or inactivated whole-virion H5N1 vaccine elicited a high level of serum antibodies and provided complete protection against the challenge with the lethal A/Chicken/Kurgan/3/05 (H5N1) virus, whereas application of a single dose of the split vaccine was much less effective. Adjuvants increased the antibody levels. Addition of the Iso-SANP adjuvant to the split vaccine led to a paradoxical outcome: it increased the antibody levels but reduced the protective effect of the vaccine. All tested adjuvants shifted the ratio between IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies. Immunization with any of the tested heterosubtypic live viruses provided partial protection against the H5N1 challenge and significantly reduced mouse mortality, while inactivated H1N1 vaccine offered no protection at all. More severe course of illness and earlier death were observed in mice after immunization with adjuvanted subunit vaccines followed by the challenge with the heterosubtypic virus compared to challenged unvaccinated animals.

中文翻译：

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灭活和活流感疫苗对同源和异源亚型挑战的免疫反应和保护功效

摘要 对灭活（全病毒、分裂、亚单位和佐剂）疫苗和减毒活疫苗进行了平行测试，以比较它们的免疫原性和保护功效。研究了在小鼠模型中针对 H5N1 和 H1N1 流感病毒攻击的同源和异源亚型保护。使用活的或灭活的 H5N1 全病毒疫苗进行单次免疫可引发高水平的血清抗体，并提供针对致死性 A/Chicken/Kurgan/3/05 (H5N1) 病毒攻击的完全保护，而单次接种分裂疫苗的效果要差得多。佐剂增加了抗体水平。在裂解疫苗中加入 Iso-SANP 佐剂导致了一个矛盾的结果：它增加了抗体水平，但降低了疫苗的保护作用。所有测试的佐剂都改变了 IgG1 和 IgG2a 抗体之间的比率。用任何一种测试过的异亚型活病毒进行免疫接种都可以提供部分保护以抵御 H5N1 攻击并显着降低小鼠死亡率，而灭活的 H1N1 疫苗根本没有提供任何保护。与未接种疫苗的受攻击动物相比，在用佐剂亚单位疫苗免疫后用异亚型病毒攻击后，在小鼠中观察到更严重的病程和更早的死亡。