In vitro rearing of honey bees is becoming a widely employed procedure. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed its impact on brood development considering nutritional and social differences between both in vitro and in-hive rearing contexts. We compared developmental parameters between these two contexts using an intra-frame grafting procedure. We confirmed a grafting effect on development. However, pre-imaginal survival did not depend on the rearing procedure. The correlation in mortality between groups of larvae (exposed or not to grafting) was independent of the rearing context suggesting transmission of inheritable and infectious factors. In addition, the comparison between contexts showed that in vitro larvae had delayed molting and achieved emergence 1.57 days later. Furthermore, in vitro imagoes emerged with lower weight and shorter wing length than in-hive bees. Our results strengthen the idea that there is an in vitro phenotype as a consequence of phenotypic plasticity.

中文翻译：

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蜜蜂体外和蜂巢环境下蜜蜂前成虫发育的差异

蜜蜂的体外饲养正成为一种广泛采用的程序。然而，考虑到体外和蜂巢内饲养环境之间的营养和社会差异，很少有研究评估其对育雏发育的影响。我们使用帧内移植程序比较了这两种环境之间的发育参数。我们证实了对发育的嫁接效应。然而，未成虫存活并不取决于饲养过程。幼虫组（暴露或不移植）之间死亡率的相关性与饲养环境无关，这表明可遗传和感染因素的传播。此外，上下文之间的比较表明，体外幼虫蜕皮延迟，并在 1.57 天后出现。此外，与蜂巢内蜜蜂相比，体外成虫的重量更轻，翅膀长度更短。我们的结果强化了存在体外表型作为表型可塑性的结果的观点。