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Unravelling the enigma of cortical tremor and other forms of cortical myoclonus.
Brain ( IF 10.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-17 , DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa129
Anna Latorre 1, 2 , Lorenzo Rocchi 1 , Francesca Magrinelli 1, 3 , Eoin Mulroy 1 , Alfredo Berardelli 2, 4 , John C Rothwell 1 , Kailash P Bhatia 1
Affiliation  

Cortical tremor is a fine rhythmic oscillation involving distal upper limbs, linked to increased sensorimotor cortex excitability, as seen in cortical myoclonus. Cortical tremor is the hallmark feature of autosomal dominant familial cortical myoclonic tremor and epilepsy (FCMTE), a syndrome not yet officially recognized and characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Non-coding repeat expansions in different genes have been recently recognized to play an essential role in its pathogenesis. Cortical tremor is considered a rhythmic variant of cortical myoclonus and is part of the ‘spectrum of cortical myoclonus’, i.e. a wide range of clinical motor phenomena, from reflex myoclonus to myoclonic epilepsy, caused by abnormal sensorimotor cortical discharges. The aim of this update is to provide a detailed analysis of the mechanisms defining cortical tremor, as seen in FCMTE. After reviewing the clinical and genetic features of FCMTE, we discuss the possible mechanisms generating the distinct elements of the cortical myoclonus spectrum, and how cortical tremor fits into it. We propose that the spectrum is due to the evolution from a spatially limited focus of excitability to recruitment of more complex mechanisms capable of sustaining repetitive activity, overcoming inhibitory mechanisms that restrict excitatory bursts, and engaging wide areas of cortex. Finally, we provide evidence for a possible common denominator of the elements of the spectrum, i.e. the cerebellum, and discuss its role in FCMTE, according to recent genetic findings.

中文翻译:

揭开皮质震颤和其他形式的皮质肌阵挛之谜。

皮质震颤是一种精细的节律性振荡,涉及上肢远端,与皮质肌阵挛中感觉运动皮层兴奋性的增加有关。皮质震颤是常染色体显性家族性皮层肌阵挛性震颤和癫痫(FCMTE)的标志性特征,FCMTE是一种尚未被临床和遗传异质性正式认可和表征的综合征。最近已经认识到不同基因中的非编码重复扩增在其发病机理中起重要作用。皮层震颤被认为是皮层肌阵挛的节律性变体,是“皮层肌阵挛谱”的一部分,即由反射性肌阵挛到肌阵挛性癫痫的多种临床运动现象,由异常的感觉运动皮层分泌物引起。此更新的目的是对FCMTE中定义的皮质震颤的机制进行详细分析。在回顾了FCMTE的临床和遗传特征之后,我们讨论了产生皮质肌阵挛谱的独特元素的可能机制,以及皮质震颤如何适应其中。我们认为,该频谱是由于从有限的兴奋性焦点发展到募集能够维持重复性活动,克服抑制兴奋性猝发的抑制性机制以及参与大范围皮质区域的更复杂机制的发展所致。最后,根据最近的遗传发现,我们提供了谱图元素可能的共同分母的证据,即小脑,并讨论了其在FCMTE中的作用。在回顾了FCMTE的临床和遗传特征之后,我们讨论了产生皮质肌阵挛谱的独特元素的可能机制,以及皮质震颤如何适应其中。我们认为,该频谱是由于从有限的兴奋性焦点发展到募集能够维持重复性活动,克服抑制兴奋性猝发的抑制性机制以及参与大范围皮质区域的更复杂机制的发展所致。最后,根据最近的遗传发现,我们提供了谱图元素可能的共同分母的证据,即小脑,并讨论了其在FCMTE中的作用。在回顾了FCMTE的临床和遗传特征之后,我们讨论了产生皮质肌阵挛谱的独特元素的可能机制,以及皮质震颤如何适应其中。我们认为,该频谱是由于从有限的兴奋性焦点发展到募集能够维持重复性活动,克服抑制兴奋性猝发的抑制性机制以及参与大范围皮质区域的更复杂机制的发展所致。最后,根据最近的遗传发现,我们提供了谱图元素可能的共同分母的证据,即小脑,并讨论了其在FCMTE中的作用。我们建议该频谱是由于从有限的兴奋性焦点发展到募集能够维持重复性活动,克服抑制兴奋性猝发的抑制机制以及参与大范围皮质皮质的更复杂机制的发展所致。最后,根据最近的遗传发现,我们提供了谱图元素可能的共同分母的证据,即小脑,并讨论了其在FCMTE中的作用。我们认为,该频谱是由于从有限的兴奋性焦点发展到募集能够维持重复性活动,克服抑制兴奋性猝发的抑制性机制以及参与大范围皮质区域的更复杂机制的发展所致。最后,根据最近的遗传发现,我们提供了谱图元素可能的共同分母的证据,即小脑,并讨论了其在FCMTE中的作用。
更新日期:2020-05-17
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