The sound of the tube amp due to the harmonic distortion has been thought to depend not only on the vacuum tube type but also on the vacuum tube manufacturer and individual differences. However, quantitative differences in tube characteristics of the manufacturer have yet to be revealed. In this study, the characteristics of the triode 12 AX 7 of the five major manufacturers were analyzed based on statistical analysis of advanced physical model parameter sets. Tube characteristics were divided into three groups by cosine similarity and group clustering method. As a result, we succeeded for the first time quantitatively combining tube distortion characteristics and tube characteristics.

中文翻译：

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基于物理模型参数的微型三极管特性制造商差异的统计分析

人们认为，由于谐波失真引起的电子管放大器的声音不仅取决于真空管的类型，还取决于真空管的制造商和个体差异。但是，制造商的管子特性在数量上的差异尚待揭示。在这项研究中，基于高级物理模型参数集的统计分析，分析了五个主要制造商的三极管12 AX 7的特性。通过余弦相似度和群聚法将电子管特性分为三组。结果，我们首次成功地将管变形特性和管特性进行了定量组合。