Abstract Smart contracts are a new type of software that allows its users to perform irreversible transactions on a distributed persistent data storage called the blockchain. The nature of such contracts and the technical details of the blockchain architecture give raise to new kinds of faults, which require specific test behaviours to be exposed. In this paper we present SoCRATES , a generic and extensible framework to test smart contracts running in a blockchain. The key properties of SoCRATES are: (1) it comprises bots that interact with the blockchain according to a set of composable behaviours; (2) it can instantiate a society of bots, which can trigger faults due to multi-user interactions that are impossible to expose with a single bot. Our experimental results show that SoCRATES can expose known faults and detect previously unknown faults in contracts currently published in the Ethereum blockchain. They also show that a society of bots is often more effective than a single bot in fault exposure.

中文翻译：

---

用于智能合约测试的机器人联盟社会

摘要 智能合约是一种新型软件，允许其用户在称为区块链的分布式持久数据存储上执行不可逆交易。此类合约的性质和区块链架构的技术细节引发了新的故障类型，需要暴露特定的测试行为。在本文中，我们介绍了 SoCRATES，这是一个通用且可扩展的框架，用于测试在区块链中运行的智能合约。SoCRATES 的关键特性是：（1）它包含根据一组可组合行为与区块链交互的机器人；(2) 它可以实例化一个机器人社会，这可能会由于多用户交互而触发故障，而单个机器人不可能暴露这些故障。我们的实验结果表明，SoCRATES 可以暴露已知故障并检测当前在以太坊区块链中发布的合约中的先前未知故障。他们还表明，在故障暴露方面，机器人社会通常比单个机器人更有效。