Graphical user interfaces are widely common and present in everyday human–computer interaction, dominantly in computers and smartphones. Today, various actions are performed via graphical user interface elements, e.g., windows, menus and icons. An attractive user interface that adapts to user needs and preferences is progressively important as it often allows personalized information processing that facilitates interaction. However, practitioners and scholars have lacked an instrument for measuring user perception of aesthetics within graphical user interface elements to aid in creating successful graphical assets. Therefore, we studied dimensionality of ratings of different perceived aesthetic qualities in GUI elements as the foundation for the measurement instrument. First, we devised a semantic differential scale of 22 adjective pairs by combining prior scattered measures. We then conducted a vignette experiment with random participant ( n = 569) assignment to evaluate 4 icons from a total of pre-selected 68 game app icons across 4 categories (concrete, abstract, character and text) using the semantic scales. This resulted in a total of 2276 individual icon evaluations. Through exploratory factor analyses, the observations converged into 5 dimensions of perceived visual quality: Excellence/Inferiority, Graciousness/Harshness, Idleness/Liveliness, Normalness/Bizarreness and Complexity/Simplicity. We then proceeded to conduct confirmatory factor analyses to test the model fit of the 5-factor model with all 22 adjective pairs as well as with an adjusted version of 15 adjective pairs. Overall, this study developed, validated, and consequently presents a measurement instrument for perceptions of visual qualities of graphical user interfaces and/or singular interface elements (VISQUAL) that can be used in multiple ways in several contexts related to visual human-computer interaction, interfaces and their adaption.

中文翻译：

---

图形用户界面元素视觉质量测量仪器的开发（VISQUAL）：手机游戏图标背景下的测试

图形用户界面广泛存在于日常人机交互中，主要存在于计算机和智能手机中。今天，通过图形用户界面元素（例如，窗口、菜单和图标）执行各种操作。适应用户需求和偏好的有吸引力的用户界面越来越重要，因为它通常允许促进交互的个性化信息处理。然而，从业者和学者缺乏一种工具来衡量用户对图形用户界面元素内的美学感知以帮助创建成功的图形资产。因此，我们研究了 GUI 元素中不同感知审美品质的评级维度，作为测量工具的基础。第一的，我们通过结合先前的分散测量设计了一个包含 22 个形容词对的语义差异量表。然后，我们进行了随机参与者 (n = 569) 分配的小插图实验，以使用语义尺度评估来自 4 个类别（具体、抽象、字符和文本）的总共 68 个游戏应用程序图标中的 4 个图标。这导致总共 2276 个单独的图标评估。通过探索性因素分析，观察结果聚合为感知视觉质量的 5 个维度：卓越/自卑、优雅/严酷、空闲/活泼、正常/怪异和复杂/简单。然后，我们继续进行验证性因素分析，以测试 5 因素模型与所有 22 个形容词对以及 15 个形容词对的调整版本的模型拟合。总的来说，这项研究发展了，