Policies and projects aimed at Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation, and the sustainable management of forests and the enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+), have been regarded as an opportunity to improve forest governance while supporting rural livelihoods. However, now that REDD+ policies are being increasingly implemented, a number of justice-related challenges have emerged, including how social heterogeneity should be approached to avoid deepening the unequal access to land, resources and livelihood opportunities or even violating human rights in rural contexts. Applying an environmental justice lens, this article analyses the experience of three local communities in Nepal participating in REDD+ pilot projects, focusing on how indigenous peoples, women and Dalits have participated in and been affected by such initiatives. Our research shows that the studied REDD+ pilot activities in Nepal have been, to some extent, able to recognise, empower and benefit certain social groups, indigenous women in particular, whilst Dalits (particularly Dalit women) had a different experience. REDD+ projects have had limited impact in addressing more entrenched processes of political discrimination, male dominance in decision-making, and uneven participation driven by spatial considerations or specific social targeting approaches. While the projects examined here have been partially just, and rather sensitive to existing patterns of social differentiation, the complexity of social differentiation still makes it difficult to operationalise environmental justice in REDD+ implementation. Hence, we conclude that deficits in distributive, recognition and procedural justice cannot be resolved without first addressing wider issues of social injustices throughout Nepal, historically inherited along the dimensions of class, caste, ethnicity, gender, and spatiality.

中文翻译：

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尼泊尔 REDD+ 项目中与司法相关的影响和社会分化动态

旨在减少森林砍伐和森林退化所致排放量、森林可持续管理和增加森林碳储量 (REDD+) 的政策和项目被视为改善森林治理同时支持农村生计的机会。然而，随着REDD+政策得到越来越多的实施，出现了一些与司法相关的挑战，包括应如何处理社会异质性，以避免加深获得土地、资源和生计机会的不平等，甚至在农村环境中侵犯人权。本文从环境正义的角度分析了尼泊尔三个当地社区参与 REDD+ 试点项目的经验，重点关注土著人民如何，妇女和达利特人参与了此类举措并受其影响。我们的研究表明，在尼泊尔研究的 REDD+ 试点活动在一定程度上能够认可、赋权和惠及某些社会群体，尤其是土著妇女，而达利特人（尤其是达利特妇女）则有不同的经历。REDD+ 项目在解决更根深蒂固的政治歧视、男性主导决策以及由空间考虑或特定社会目标方法驱动的参与不均方面的影响有限。虽然这里审查的项目部分公正，并且对现有的社会分化模式相当敏感，但社会分化的复杂性仍然使得难以在 REDD+ 实施中实施环境正义。因此，