The wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the biggest reservoirs of pharmaceutical residues discharged into the environment. Among many pharmaceuticals, derivatives of 5-nitrofuran, whose cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity have been proved, are widely used. The ability of such compounds to accumulate in water and sediments motivated us to analyze the ability of microbial communities of rural and municipal WWTPs to eliminate nitrofurantoin (NFT), nitrofurazone (NFZ), furaltadone (FTD), and furazolidone (FZD). Metagenomic analysis of microbial communities in rural and municipal activated sludge has provided information about the bacterial biodiversity in the WWTPs. In both samples, the most dominant phylum in terms of abundance was Proteobacteria followed by Bacteroidetes; however, microbial community of the municipal WWTP exhibited greater biodiversity than the one of the rural WWTP. The results of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis of the samples and elimination kinetic calculations allowed the determination of FZD, FTD, NFT, and NFZ elimination half-time varying from 104 to 327 h and test system first-order half-lives in the examined WWTP samples (from 31 to 231 h). Moreover, a comparison of the effectiveness of the microbials from two treatment plants, a rural one and a municipal one, revealed the poorer performance of the microbial communities from the smaller, rural WWTP in disposal of the analyzed pharmaceuticals, as after 24 days, the rural WWTP community was able to eliminate from 20 to 62% of 5-nitrofuran derivatives, while the municipal consortium removed over 85% of the compounds from the cultures.

中文翻译：

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探索农村和城市活性污泥中微生物对四种5-硝基呋喃衍生物的消除动力学

废水处理厂（WWTP）是排放到环境中的最大的药物残留物库。在许多药物中，已经证明了5-硝基呋喃具有细胞毒性和神经毒性的衍生物。这些化合物在水和沉积物中的积累能力促使我们分析农村和城市污水处理厂的微生物群落消除硝基呋喃妥因（NFT），硝呋喃酮（NFZ），呋喃他酮（FTD）和呋喃唑酮（FZD）的能力。农村和城市活性污泥中微生物群落的元基因组分析提供了有关污水处理厂中细菌生物多样性的信息。在这两个样本中，就丰度而言，最显着的门系是变形杆菌，其次是拟杆菌; 然而，市政污水处理厂的微生物群落比农村污水处理厂之一具有更大的生物多样性。高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS / MS）分析样品的结果以及消除动力学计算的结果使FZD，FTD，NFT和NFZ消除半衰期的测定时间为104至327小时，测试的污水处理厂样品中测试系统的一阶半衰期（从31到231小时）。此外，对两种处理厂（农村的一家和市政的一家）的微生物效力进行比较后，发现较小的农村污水处理厂的微生物群落在处理分析药物方面的表现较差，因为处理24天后，农村污水处理厂社区能够消除20％至62％的5-硝基呋喃衍生物，