The energetic analysis of a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) and a thermoelectric heater ¹ (TEH) is presented, with optimization criteria being unified through the ”x” variable. A number of modes of operation are introduced that are different to those used by several authors for this type of energy converter; such modes of operation are commonly used and have been extensively studied in finite time thermodynamics (FTT) and successfully introduced into linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT). In addition, new modes of operation are proposed for both cooler and heater. Introducing these modes of operation enables a fuller description of the energy of thermoelectric converters of this type. Finally, the loop-shaped curves concept is introduced and extended to thermoelectric cooler and heater converters in order to clarify the meaning of the dimensionless variables introduced.

热电冷却器（TEC）和热电加热器的能量分析¹（TEH），并通过“ x”变量统一了优化标准。引入了许多工作模式，这些工作模式与几位作者针对这种类型的能量转换器所使用的工作模式有所不同。这种操作模式是常用的，并且已经在有限时间热力学（FTT）中进行了广泛的研究，并成功地引入了线性不可逆热力学（LIT）。另外，针对冷却器和加热器提出了新的操作模式。通过介绍这些操作模式，可以更全面地描述此类热电转换器的能量。最后，引入了环形曲线概念，并将其扩展到热电冷却器和加热器转换器，以阐明引入的无量纲变量的含义。