Abstract Deep-water volcanoes are emplaced in water depths >1.0 km and are widespread along continental margins and in ocean basins. Whilst the external morphology of deep-water volcanoes can be mapped using bathymetric surveys, their internal structure and true volume remain enigmatic. It is thus difficult to determine how deep-water volcanoes grow. We investigate 13 Late Miocene-to-Quaternary, deep-water volcanoes that are imaged in 3D by seismic reflection data from the northern South China Sea, which allow us to quantify their external morphology and examine their internal structure. These deep-water volcanoes were emplaced in water depths >1.5 km, are relatively small ( 15 MPa, which are typical of water depths >1.5 km, inhibited degassing and fragmentation of ascending magma and thus erupted lava. This lack of degassing and fragmentation permitted effusive eruptions during the latter stages of volcanism. Our models for volcano growth in the deep submarine realm demonstrate the power of using 3D seismic data when investigating the internal structure and total volume of deep-water volcanoes.

中文翻译：

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深水火山是如何生长的？

摘要 深水火山位于水深>1.0 km 的地方，广泛分布于大陆边缘和海洋盆地。虽然深水火山的外部形态可以使用测深法绘制，但它们的内部结构和真实体积仍然是个谜。因此很难确定深水火山如何生长。我们调查了 13 座晚中新世至第四纪深水火山，这些火山通过来自南海北部的地震反射数据进行 3D 成像，这使我们能够量化它们的外部形态并检查它们的内部结构。这些深水火山位于水深>1.5km，相对较小（15MPa，典型的水深>1.5km），抑制了上升岩浆的脱气和破碎，从而喷发了熔岩。在火山作用的后期阶段，这种脱气和碎裂的缺乏导致了喷发。我们在深海海底领域的火山生长模型证明了在调查深水火山的内部结构和总体积时使用 3D 地震数据的力量。