Abstract Satellite precipitation product estimates (SPPEs) provide rainfall data on regional and global scales and have the potential to be applied in various fields. Several satellite precipitation estimates are available for their various features in retrieval algorithms, used sensor instrument, spatial–temporal resolution, and coverage area. Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP), Integrated MultisatellitE Retrievals (IMERG), and Climate Hazards Group Infrared Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) are global coverage precipitation datasets with high spatial resolution (0.1°–0.05°) and high temporal resolution (from 30 min to daily updates). The objective of this study was to assess the performance of GSMaP, IMERG, and CHIRPS over Bali Island from 2015 to 2017 in terms of ground rain gauge data over a high density of rain gauge stations (27 in-situ rain gauges) and at various elevations, rainfall intensities, and temporal scales (i.e., daily, penta-days, monthly, and seasonal). A traditional point-to-pixel-based method along with a new introduced continuous, categorical, and volumetric statistical indices comparison approach were implemented to evaluate satellite products. The assessment results demonstrated that IMERG products achieved the highest performance on daily, penta-day, and seasonal time scales, whereas CHIRPS outperformed the other two products on the monthly time scale. Moreover, IMERG was more efficient in detecting rainfall events at different altitudes, but it tended to overestimate rainfall events at high altitudes. With respect to their abilities to detect rainfall events, GSMaP, IMERG, and CHIRPS tended to underestimate the frequency of light rainfall events (0–1 mm/day) and heavy rainfall events (>50 mm/day) but overestimate the frequency of moderate rainfall events (5–10 mm/day). Our result not only highlight IMERG products exhibited better performance in comparison to GSMaP and CHIRPS in Bali Island but also recommend that further improvement on the precipitation estimate algorithm is required by considering complex terrain over small island in the maritime continent area.

中文翻译：

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评估巴厘岛上空的卫星降水产品估算值

摘要 卫星降水产品估计（SPPE）提供区域和全球尺度的降雨数据，具有应用于各个领域的潜力。一些卫星降水估计可用于它们在检索算法、使用的传感器仪器、时空分辨率和覆盖区域方面的各种特征。全球卫星降水制图 (GSMaP)、综合多卫星检索 (IMERG) 和气候危害组红外降水站 (CHIRPS) 是具有高空间分辨率 (0.1°–0.05°) 和高时间分辨率（从 30分钟到每日更新）。本研究的目的是评估 GSMaP、IMERG、和 2015 年至 2017 年巴厘岛上的 CHIRPS，根据高密度雨量站（27 个原位雨量计）和不同海拔、降雨强度和时间尺度（即，每日、五次-天、每月和季节性）。实施了传统的基于点到像素的方法以及新引入的连续、分类和体积统计指标比较方法来评估卫星产品。评估结果表明，IMERG 产品在每日、五天和季节性时间尺度上取得了最高的性能，而 CHIRPS 在月时间尺度上的表现优于其他两种产品。此外，IMERG在检测不同海拔的降雨事件方面更有效，但往往高估了高海拔的降雨事件。在检测降雨事件的能力方面，GSMaP、IMERG 和 CHIRPS 倾向于低估小雨事件（0-1 毫米/天）和强降雨事件（> 50 毫米/天）的频率，而高估中等降雨事件的频率。降雨事件（5-10 毫米/天）。我们的结果不仅突出了 IMERG 产品与巴厘岛的 GSMaP 和 CHIRPS 相比表现出更好的性能，而且还建议考虑到海洋大陆地区小岛上的复杂地形，需要进一步改进降水估计算法。