Abstract Urbanization contributes to the formation of novel elemental combinations and signatures in terrestrial and aquatic watersheds, also known as ‘chemical cocktails.’ The composition of chemical cocktails evolves across space and time due to: (1) elevated concentrations from anthropogenic sources, (2) accelerated weathering and corrosion of the built environment, (3) increased drainage density and intensification of urban water conveyance systems, and (4) enhanced rates of geochemical transformations due to changes in temperature, ionic strength, pH, and redox potentials. Characterizing chemical cocktails and underlying geochemical processes is necessary for: (1) tracking pollution sources using complex chemical mixtures instead of individual elements or compounds; (2) developing new strategies for co-managing groups of contaminants; (3) identifying proxies for predicting transport of chemical mixtures using continuous sensor data; and (4) determining whether interactive effects of chemical cocktails produce ecosystem-scale impacts greater than the sum of individual chemical stressors. First, we discuss some unique urban geochemical processes which form chemical cocktails, such as urban soil formation, human-accelerated weathering, urban acidification-alkalinization, and freshwater salinization syndrome. Second, we review and synthesize global patterns in concentrations of major ions, carbon and nutrients, and trace elements in urban streams across different world regions and make comparisons with reference conditions. In addition to our global analysis, we highlight examples from some watersheds in the Baltimore-Washington DC region, which show increased transport of major ions, trace metals, and nutrients across streams draining a well-defined land-use gradient. Urbanization increased the concentrations of multiple major and trace elements in streams draining human-dominated watersheds compared to reference conditions. Chemical cocktails of major and trace elements were formed over diurnal cycles coinciding with changes in streamflow, dissolved oxygen, pH, and other variables measured by high-frequency sensors. Some chemical cocktails of major and trace elements were also significantly related to specific conductance (p

中文翻译：

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制作“化学鸡尾酒”——元素周期表中城市地球化学过程的演变


摘要 城市化有助于陆地和水生流域中新型元素组合和特征的形成，也称为“化学鸡尾酒”。化学混合物的成分随着时间和空间的变化而变化，原因如下：(1) 人为来源浓度升高，(2) 建筑环境加速风化和腐蚀，(3) 排水密度增加和城市输水系统集约化，以及 ( 4) 由于温度、离子强度、pH 值和氧化还原电位的变化而提高地球化学转化速率。表征化学混合物和潜在的地球化学过程对于以下方面是必要的：（1）使用复杂的化学混合物而不是单个元素或化合物来跟踪污染源； (2) 制定共同管理污染物群的新战略； (3) 使用连续传感器数据识别预测化学混合物运输的代理； (4) 确定化学混合物的相互作用对生态系统规模的影响是否大于单个化学应激源的总和。首先，我们讨论一些形成化学混合物的独特城市地球化学过程，例如城市土壤形成、人类加速风化、城市酸化碱化和淡水盐化综合症。其次，我们回顾并综合了世界不同地区城市河流中主要离子、碳和营养物以及微量元素浓度的全球模式，并与参考条件进行比较。除了我们的全球分析之外，我们还重点介绍了巴尔的摩-华盛顿特区的一些流域的例子，这些流域显示主要离子、微量金属和营养物跨溪流的运输增加，排出了明确的土地利用梯度。 与参考条件相比，城市化增加了人类主导流域的溪流中多种主要元素和微量元素的浓度。主要元素和微量元素的化学混合物是在昼夜循环中形成的，与高频传感器测量的水流、溶解氧、pH 值和其他变量的变化相一致。一些主量元素和微量元素的化学混合物也与比电导显着相关（p