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Rare Metal (RM) and Rare Earth Element (REE) Resources: World Scenario with Special Reference to India
Journal of the Geological Society of India ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s12594-020-1463-7 P. Krishnamurthy
Journal of the Geological Society of India ( IF 1.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1007/s12594-020-1463-7 P. Krishnamurthy
The RM (Li, Be, Ti, Zr, Nb, Ta, Th and U) and REE (Light Rare Earths and Heavy Rare Earths including Yttrium) are strategic and critical for sustaining a variety of industries such as nuclear, defence, information technology (IT) and green energy options (wind, solar, electric vehicles and others). The 2010 ‘Rare Earth’ crisis of the world, following China’s monopoly with over 80% share and export restrictions in the REE market, led to an exploration boom for REE all over the world including India. This led to a substantial increase in REE mineral resources (98 Mt of contained REO in 2015) outside China located in Canada (38 Mt), Greenland (39 Mt) and Africa (10.3 Mt) that represents a fivefold increase in resources (c.f. Paulick and Machacek, 2017). As per the 2019, USGS commodity survey, the world reserves of REE have been estimated at 120 Mt in countries such as China (44Mt), Brazil (22Mt), Vietnam (22 Mt), Russia (12 Mt), India (6.9 Mt) and others (13 Mt). At present world resources of RM and REE are adequate to cater the demands of the different industries. The constraints, however, appear to be not technical but mainly environmental and social issues.
更新日期：2020-05-01
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