Human-wildlife conflicts (HWC) are complex conservation challenges impairing both wildlife populations and human livelihood. Research on HWC, however, has traditionally approached ecological and human components separately, hampering a broader understanding of connections between ecological drivers and human dimensions of conflicts. We developed a model integrating ecological and human components of HWC to investigate the pathways through which the amount of remaining native forest at the landscape (forest cover) - a key ecological variable known to influence species occurrence and abundance - affects experiences with wildlife (contact with species and attacks to livestock), and how such experiences influence tolerance via beliefs, emotions and attitude. We tested the model via Piecewise Structural Equation Modeling using data on three mammals varying in rarity and body size: the opossum (Didelphis aurita), the crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) and the puma (Puma concolor), obtained by interviewing 114 landowners across 13 Atlantic forest landscapes (10-50% forest cover). We found that: i. forest cover negatively affected tolerance by increasing attacks to livestock only for the puma; ii. relevance and effects of distinct experiences with wildlife on beliefs and emotions varied across species; iii. beliefs and emotions influenced tolerance, but negative emotions were relevant only for the puma. Conflicts with large carnivores, such as pumas, can then be understood as disservices provided by forests, indicating the relevance of framing HWC within a broader perspective that consider trade-offs with ecosystems services. For some species, positive experiences with wildlife may counteract the negative effects of attacks to livestock in shaping tolerance. Models such as ours - that link ecological and human dimensions - can help to identify more effective leverage points to improve HWC mitigation. Article impact statement: Modeling ecological and human dimensions of wildlife conflict allows identification of factors that can be mitigated. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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将人类和生态成分联系起来，以了解跨景观和物种的人类与野生动物冲突

人类与野生动物冲突 (HWC) 是复杂的保护挑战，会损害野生动物种群和人类生计。然而，对 HWC 的研究传统上分别处理生态和人类成分，阻碍了对生态驱动因素与冲突的人类维度之间联系的更广泛理解。我们开发了一个整合 HWC 的生态和人类组成部分的模型，以研究景观中剩余的原始森林数量（森林覆盖率）——一个已知影响物种发生和丰度的关键生态变量——影响野生动物体验（与野生动物接触）的途径。物种和对牲畜的攻击），以及这些经历如何通过信念、情绪和态度影响容忍度。我们使用三种不同稀有性和体型的哺乳动物的数据通过分段结构方程建模来测试模型：负鼠 (Didelphis aurita)、食蟹狐狸 (Cerdocyon thous) 和美洲狮 (Puma concolor)，这些数据是通过采访 114 位土地所有者获得的横跨 13 个大西洋森林景观（10-50% 的森林覆盖率）。我们发现： i. 森林覆盖增加了对美洲狮的攻击，从而对耐受性产生了负面影响；ii. 与野生动物的不同经历对信仰和情绪的相关性和影响因物种而异；三、信念和情绪会影响容忍度，但负面情绪只与美洲狮有关。与美洲狮等大型食肉动物的冲突可以被理解为森林造成的伤害，表明在考虑与生态系统服务权衡的更广泛视角内构建 HWC 的相关性。对于某些物种而言，与野生动物相处的积极体验可能会抵消攻击牲畜在塑造耐受性方面的负面影响。像我们这样的模型 - 将生态和人类维度联系起来 - 可以帮助确定更有效的杠杆点，以改善 HWC 缓解。文章影响声明：对野生动物冲突的生态和人类维度进行建模可以确定可以减轻的因素。本文受版权保护。版权所有。像我们这样的模型 - 将生态和人类维度联系起来 - 可以帮助确定更有效的杠杆点，以改善 HWC 缓解。文章影响声明：对野生动物冲突的生态和人类维度进行建模可以确定可以减轻的因素。本文受版权保护。版权所有。像我们这样的模型 - 将生态和人类维度联系起来 - 可以帮助确定更有效的杠杆点，以改善 HWC 缓解。文章影响声明：对野生动物冲突的生态和人类维度进行建模可以确定可以减轻的因素。本文受版权保护。版权所有。