Simulation studies suggest that pooled on-demand services (also referred to as Demand Responsive Transport, ridesharing, shared ride-hailing or shared ridesourcing services) have the potential to bring large benefits to urban areas while inducing limited time losses for their users. However, in reality, the large majority of users request individual rides (and not pooled rides) in existing on-demand services, leading to increases in motorised vehicle miles travelled. In this study, we investigate to what extent fare discounts, additional travel time, and the (un)willingness to share the ride with (different numbers of) other passengers play a role in the decision of individuals to share rides. To this end, we design a stated preference study targeting Dutch urban individuals. In our research, we (1) disentangle the sharing aspect from related time–cost trade-offs (e.g. detours), (2) investigate preference heterogeneity regarding the studied attributes and identify distinct market segments, and (3) simulate scenarios to understand the impact of the obtained parameters in the breakdown between individual and pooled services. We find that less than one third of respondents have strong preferences against sharing their rides. Also, we find that different market segments vary not only in their values of the willingness to share, but also in how they perceive this willingness to share (per-ride or proportional to the in-vehicle time). Further, the scenario analysis demonstrates that the share of individuals who are willing to share rides depends primarily on the time–cost trade-offs, rather than on the disutility stemming from pooling rides per se.

中文翻译：

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愿意共享按需服务拼车的决定因素是什么？

模拟研究表明，汇集的按需服务（也称为需求响应式交通、拼车、共享乘车或共享乘车外包服务）有可能为城市地区带来巨大利益，同时减少用户的时间损失。然而，实际上，绝大多数用户在现有的按需服务中请求单独乘车（而不是拼车），导致机动车辆行驶里程增加。在这项研究中，我们调查了票价折扣、额外旅行时间以及（不愿意）与（不同数量）其他乘客共乘的意愿在多大程度上影响个人共享乘车的决定。为此，我们设计了一项针对荷兰城市个体的明确偏好研究。在我们的研究中，我们（1）将共享方面与相关的时间成本权衡（例如绕道）分开，（2）调查有关所研究属性的偏好异质性并识别不同的细分市场，以及（3）模拟场景以了解所获得的参数对单独服务和联合服务之间的细分的影响。我们发现，不到三分之一的受访者强烈反对共享乘车。此外，我们发现不同的细分市场不仅在共享意愿的价值观上有所不同，而且在他们如何看待这种共享意愿（每次乘坐或与车内时间成比例）方面也有所不同。此外，情景分析表明，愿意拼车的个人比例主要取决于时间与成本的权衡，而不是拼车本身带来的负效用。