Genetic assessment of rice landraces is important for germplasm evaluation and genetic resource utilization. Rice landraces in peninsular Thailand have adapted to unique environmental stresses over time and have great significance as a genetic resource for crop improvement. In this study, rice landraces derived from rice research centers and farmers from different areas of peninsular Thailand were genetically assessed using 16 polymorphic InDel markers from putative stress-related genes. A total of 36 alleles were obtained. The average PIC value was 0.27/marker. The F_ST varied from 0.46 to 1.00. Genetic diversity was observed both within and between populations. AMOVA indicated that genetic variations occurred mainly between populations (70%) rather than within populations (30%). The dendrogram, population structure, and PCoA scatter plot clearly demonstrated the differentiation of the two major groups, i.e., landraces from upland and lowland rice ecosystems. The unique alleles of Indel1922, -2543, -6746, -7447 and -8538, which lie in genes encoding putative WAX2, heavy metal-associated domain-containing protein, GA20ox2, PTF1, and PLETHORA2, respectively, were only found in rice from upland ecosystems. Putative WAX2, GA20ox2, and PLETHORA2 are likely related to drought and salt stress. Our findings demonstrate the diversity of landraces in peninsular Thailand. The preservation of these landraces should be facilitated with effective markers to maintain all variant alleles and to protect the genetic diversity. Indel1922, -2543, -6746, -7447 and -8538 have the potential to differentiate upland rice from lowland rice. Furthermore, Indel1922, -6746 and -8538 might be effective markers for drought and salt tolerance.

中文翻译：

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推测的胁迫相关基因的Indel标记分析揭示了泰国半岛稻种的遗传多样性和分化。

水稻地方品种的遗传评估对种质评估和遗传资源利用非常重要。随着时间的流逝，泰国半岛的稻种已经适应了独特的环境压力，作为改良作物的遗传资源具有重要意义。在这项研究中，使用来自推定的胁迫相关基因的16种多态InDel标记对来自水稻研究中心和泰国半岛不同地区的农民的水稻地方品种进行了遗传评估。总共获得了36个等位基因。PIC的平均值为0.27 /标记。F _ST从0.46到1.00。在种群内部和种群之间都观察到了遗传多样性。AMOVA指出，遗传变异主要发生在种群之间（70％），而不是种群内部（30％）。树状图，种群结构和PCoA散点图清楚地表明了两个主要群体的区别，即陆地稻和旱稻生态系统的区别。Indel1922，-2543，-6746，-7447和-8538的独特等位基因分别位于假定的WAX2，含重金属相关域的蛋白质GA20ox2，PTF1和PLETHORA2的编码基因中，陆地生态系统。假定的WAX2，GA20ox2和PLETHORA2可能与干旱和盐胁迫有关。我们的研究结果证明了泰国半岛地方品种的多样性。应使用有效的标记物促进这些地方品种的保存，以维持所有变异等位基因并保护遗传多样性。Indel1922，-2543，-6746，-7447和-8538具有将陆稻与低陆稻区分开的潜力。此外，Indel1922，-6746和-8538可能是抗旱和耐盐的有效标志。