Plants have evolved induced defense mechanisms against insect herbivore attacks. The application of plant elicitors can enhance the biological control of crop pests by inducing plant defense responses, and (Z)-3-hexenol (z3HOL) is recognized as a herbivore-induced plant volatile that plays an important role in the chemical communication between plants and pests. We investigated whether z3HOL can activate the defense mechanism of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, one of the major insect pests of cultivated tomato. Exposure to z3HOL vapors in the glass jars decreased weight gain and oviposition in B. tabaci and negatively influenced the feeding behavior of B. tabaci by shortening the total feeding period and phloem ingestion and increasing the frequency of stylet puncture. Furthermore, exposure to z3HOL induced jasmonic acid- and salicylic acid-mediated defense responses and enhanced B. tabaci-induced volatile emissions in tomato. The elevated release of tomato volatiles increased the attraction of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa and improved its parasitism on B. tabaci. Our results indicate that z3HOL can serve as an elicitor that triggers direct and indirect defense responses against B. tabaci by modulating signaling pathways in tomato. These findings will not only help us to gain a better understanding of how z3HOL influences the crop community, but also provide new insights into the potential application of z3HOL in integrated pest management systems.

中文翻译：

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（Z）-3-己烯醇诱导番茄对粉虱的直接和间接防御作用

植物已经进化出针对昆虫食草动物攻击的诱导防御机制。植物诱导剂的应用可以通过诱导植物防御反应来增强作物害虫的生物防治，并且（Z）-3-己烯醇（z3HOL）被认为是草食动物诱导的植物挥发物，在植物之间的化学通讯中起重要作用和害虫。我们调查是否z3HOL能激活番茄的防御机制（番茄）对粉虱烟粉虱，栽培番茄的主要害虫之一。暴露于蒸气z3HOL在玻璃罐中减少体重增加和产卵烟粉虱和的摄食行为负面影响烟粉虱通过缩短总进食时间和韧皮部的摄入并增加通管针穿刺的频率。此外，暴露于z3HOL诱导了茉莉酸和水杨酸介导的防御反应，并增加了烟粉虱由番茄引起的挥发性排放。番茄挥发物释放的增加，增加了寄生性福马弧菌的吸引力，并改善了其对烟粉虱的寄生性。我们的结果表明，z3HOL可以充当引发针对烟粉虱的直接和间接防御反应的引发剂。通过调节番茄中的信号通路。这些发现不仅有助于我们更好地了解z3HOL如何影响作物群落，而且还为z3HOL在有害生物综合治理系统中的潜在应用提供了新见解。