Dipteryx timber has been heavily exploited in South America since 2000's due to the increasing international demand for hardwood. Developing tools for the genetic identification of Dipteryx species and their geographical origin can help to promote legal trading of timber. A collection of 800 individual trees, belonging to six different Dipteryx species, was genotyped based on 171 molecular markers. After the exclusion of markers out of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium or with no polymorphism or low amplification, 83 nuclear, 29 chloroplast, 13 mitochondrial SNPs, and two chloroplast and five mitochondrial INDELS remained. Six genetic groups were identified using Bayesian Structure analyses of the nuclear SNPs, which corresponded to the different Dipteryx species collected in the field. Seventeen highly informative markers were identified as suitable for species identification and obtained self-assignment success rates to species level of 78-96%. An additional set of 15 molecular markers was selected to determine the different genetic clusters found in D. odorata and D. ferrea, obtaining self-assignment success rates of 91-100%. The success to assign samples to the correct country of origin using all or only the informative markers improved when using the nearest neighbour approach (69-92%) compared to the Bayesian approach (33-80%). While nuclear and chloroplast SNPs were more suitable for differentiating the different Dipteryx species, mitochondrial SNPs were ideal for determining the genetic clusters of D. odorata and D. ferrea. These 32 selected SNPs will be invaluable genetic tools for the accurate identification of species and country of origin of Dipteryx timber.

中文翻译：

---

SNP 标记作为一种成功的分子工具，用于评估具有重要经济意义的南美豆科植物 Dipteryx 中树木的物种身份和地理起源

由于国际对硬木的需求不断增加，自 2000 年以来，双翅目木材在南美洲被大量开采。开发双翅目物种及其地理来源的遗传鉴定工具有助于促进木材的合法贸易。基于 171 个分子标记对属于 6 个不同双翅目物种的 800 株个体树木进行了基因分型。在排除 Hardy-Weinberg 平衡或无多态性或低扩增的标记后，保留了 83 个核、29 个叶绿体、13 个线粒体 SNP、2 个叶绿体和 5 个线粒体 INDELS。使用核 SNP 的贝叶斯结构分析确定了六个遗传组，这对应于在现场收集的不同双翅目物种。17 个信息量大的标记被确定为适合物种鉴定，并获得了 78-96% 的物种水平自分配成功率。选择了另外一组 15 个分子标记来确定在 D. odorata 和 D. ferrea 中发现的不同遗传簇，获得了 91-100% 的自我分配成功率。与贝叶斯方法 (33-80%) 相比，当使用最近邻方法 (69-92%) 时，使用所有或仅使用信息标记将样本分配到正确的原产国的成功率有所提高。虽然核和叶绿体 SNP 更适合区分不同的双翅目物种，但线粒体 SNP 是确定 D. odorata 和 D. ferrea 遗传簇的理想选择。