Why can humans be intolerant of, yet also be empathetic towards strangers? This cardinal question has rarely been studied in our closest living relatives, bonobos. Yet, their striking xenophilic tendencies make them an interesting model for reconstructing the socio-emotional capacities of the last common ancestor of hominids. Within a series of dot-probe experiments, we compared bonobos’ and humans’ attention towards scenes depicting familiar (kith and kin) or unfamiliar individuals with emotional or neutral expressions. Results show that attention of bonobos is immediately captured by emotional scenes depicting unfamiliar bonobos, but not by emotional groupmates (Experiment 1) or expressions of humans, irrespective of familiarity (Experiment 2). Using a large community sample, Experiment 3 shows that human attention is mostly captured by emotional rather than neutral expressions of family and friends. On the one hand, our results show that an attentional bias towards emotions is a shared phenomenon between humans and bonobos, but on the other, that both species have their own unique evolutionarily informed bias. These findings support previously proposed adaptive explanations for xenophilia in bonobos which potentially biases them towards emotional expressions of unfamiliar conspecifics, and parochialism in humans, which makes them sensitive to the emotional expressions of close others.

中文翻译：

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对情感的注意程度取决于对表达者的熟悉程度。Bon黑猩猩与人类的比较

为什么人类不能宽容却又对陌生人产生共鸣？我们最亲近的living黑猩猩很少研究这个基本问题。然而，它们惊人的亲液倾向使它们成为重构最后人类原始祖先的社会情感能力的有趣模型。在一系列的点探针实验中，我们比较了bo黑猩猩和人类对描绘熟悉的（有亲戚或亲戚）或不熟悉的个体具有情感或中性表情的场景的注意。结果表明，描绘陌生attention黑猩猩的情绪场景会立即吸引bo黑猩猩的注意力，而不管是否熟悉（实验2），而不会被情绪化的同伴（实验1）或人类的表情所吸引。使用大量的社区样本，实验3表明，人们的注意力主要是由家人和朋友的情感表达而非中立的表达所吸引。一方面，我们的结果表明，对情感的注意偏见是人类与bo黑猩猩之间的共同现象，但另一方面，两种物种都有其自身独特的进化知觉偏见。这些发现支持了先前提出的bo黑猩猩嗜异性的适应性解释，这可能使他们倾向于陌生的种属的情感表达和人类的狭par性，这使它们对亲密他人的情感表达敏感。两种物种都有自己独特的进化知觉偏见。这些发现支持了先前提出的bo黑猩猩嗜异性的适应性解释，这可能使他们倾向于陌生的种属的情感表达以及人类的狭par性，这使它们对亲密他人的情感表达敏感。两种物种都有自己独特的进化知觉偏见。这些发现支持了先前提出的bo黑猩猩嗜异性的适应性解释，这可能使他们倾向于陌生的种属的情感表达和人类的狭par性，这使它们对亲密他人的情感表达敏感。