Among all female sex hormones, 17β-estradiol (E2) has been most often detected in discharge water from animal farms. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of UV/heat-activated persulfate to degrade E2 and the technical feasibility to use this system for treating real wastewater. As an individual persulfate (PS) homogeneous activator, UV-activated PS removed E2 better than using low heat (40 °C) and solar irradiation to activate PS. When both UV and heat (25–65 °C) were used to activate PS, the Arrhenius equation represented well the observed rate constant, with activation energy of 118.07 kJ mol⁻¹. Inorganic ion concentrations increased the degradation rate. These ions included Cl⁻ (3500 mg L⁻¹), which increased rates by 18.1%, HCO₃⁻ (250 mg L⁻¹) by 4.6%, and NO₃⁻ (5 mg L⁻¹) by 7.9%. However, lesser impacts on degradation kinetics were observed at higher concentrations for all constituents due to SO₄^·− scavenging by the formed radicals such as Cl₂^·−, Cl^·, HCO₃^·, CO₃^·−, and NO₃^·. The E2 degradation observed rate constant (k_obs) was highest at pH 3. Although both synthetic wastewater and real wastewater showed inhibitory effects due to UV blocking from turbidity and the existence of the –COOH and –OH functional groups that acted as radical scavengers, E2 degradation was still observed. The overall results provided proof-of-concept that UV/heat-activated PS can be applied to treat E2 in wastewater containing a high organic content and can minimize the chemical and operating costs, as solar irradiation provides the heating source.

中文翻译：

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通过热和紫外线协同激活的过硫酸盐去除17β-雌二醇

在所有女性性激素中，最常见的是在动物养殖场的排水中检测到17β-雌二醇（E2）。这项研究的目的是评估UV /热活化过硫酸盐降解E2的性能，以及使用该系统处理实际废水的技术可行性。作为单独的过硫酸盐（PS）均相活化剂，紫外线活化的PS去除E2的效果优于使用低热量（40°C）和太阳辐射来活化PS。当同时使用紫外线和热（25–65°C）来活化PS时，Arrhenius方程很好地体现了观察到的速率常数，活化能为118.07 kJ mol ^-1。无机离子浓度增加了降解速率。这些离子包括氯^-（3500毫克的L ^-1），其由18.1％增加速率，HCO₃ ^-（250毫克的L ^-1）4.6％，和NO ₃ ^-（5毫克的L ^-1）7.9％。然而，由于Cl ₂ ^·−，Cl ^·，HCO ₃ ^·，CO ₃ ^·−和NO ₃ ^·所形成的自由基对SO ₄ ^·−的清除作用，在较高浓度下所有组分对降解动力学的影响较小。E2降解观察到的速率常数（k _obs）在pH 3时最高。尽管合成废水和实际废水均显示出抑制作用，这是由于紫外线阻止了浑浊以及存在作为自由基清除剂的–COOH和–OH官能团，但仍观察到E2降解。总体结果提供了概念证明，因为太阳辐射提供了热源，紫外线/热活化的聚苯乙烯可用于处理有机物含量高的废水中的E2，并能最小化化学和运营成本。