Niosome nanoparticles can be prepared using different methods, each of which can affect the size and homogeneity of the prepared particles. The aim of this study was to establish if the method of preparation impacted on the prepared vesicles when loaded with a model protein and the type of immune responses induced to the vaccine antigen. Niosomes were prepared using both the traditional thin film hydration (TFH) technique and the microfluidic mixing (MM) technique. Influenza antigen was then entrapped in the niosomes and formulations tested for their ability to induce in vivo immune responses in immunized BALB/c mice. Niosomes prepared by MM had a mean size of 157 ± 1.8 nm and were significantly more uniform compared with the niosomes prepared using TFH (mean size 388 ± 10 nm). Niosomes play a key role as an adjuvant to help raise high antibody immune responses. This was confirmed in this study since animals treated with both types of niosomes and antigen were more responsive than unentrapped (free) antigen. Cytokine analysis showed that the TFH niosomes induced a Th1 immune response by raising IgG2a and high levels of IFN-ɣ, while the MM niosomes induced a Th2 immune response by inducing IgG1 (p < 0.05).These results confirmed that the method of preparation of the niosomes nanoparticles induced different immune responses and the average particle size of the niosomes differed depending on the method of manufacture. This indicates that particle size and uniformity are of importance and should be taken into consideration when designing an oral based delivery system for vaccine delivery.

中文翻译：

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检查 niosome 制备方法在包封模型抗原中对囊泡特征及其诱导免疫反应能力的影响

Niosome 纳米粒子可以使用不同的方法制备，每种方法都会影响制备的粒子的大小和均匀性。本研究的目的是确定制备方法是否会影响加载模型蛋白时制备的囊泡，以及对疫苗抗原诱导的免疫反应类型。Niosomes 是使用传统的薄膜水合 (TFH) 技术和微流体混合 (MM) 技术制备的。然后将流感抗原包裹在 niosomes 和制剂中，测试它们在免疫 BALB/c 小鼠中诱导体内免疫反应的能力。由 MM 制备的 Niosomes 的平均大小为 157 ± 1.8 nm，与使用 TFH 制备的 niosomes（平均大小 388 ± 10 nm）相比，明显更均匀。Niosomes 作为佐剂发挥着关键作用，有助于提高高抗体免疫反应。这在本研究中得到证实，因为用两种类型的 niosome 和抗原处理的动物比未捕获的（游离）抗原更敏感。细胞因子分析表明，TFH niosomes 通过提高 IgG2a 和高水平的 IFN-ɣ 诱导 Th1 免疫反应，而 MM niosomes 通过诱导 IgG1 诱导 Th2 免疫反应（p < 0.05）。这些结果证实了制备方法niosomes 纳米粒子诱导不同的免疫反应，niosomes 的平均粒径因制造方法而异。这表明粒度和均匀性很重要，在设计用于疫苗递送的基于口服的递送系统时应予以考虑。本研究证实了这一点，因为用两种类型的 niosome 和抗原处理的动物比未捕获的（游离）抗原反应更灵敏。细胞因子分析表明，TFH niosomes 通过提高 IgG2a 和高水平的 IFN-ɣ 诱导 Th1 免疫反应，而 MM niosomes 通过诱导 IgG1 诱导 Th2 免疫反应（p < 0.05）。这些结果证实了制备方法niosomes 纳米粒子诱导不同的免疫反应，niosomes 的平均粒径因制造方法而异。这表明粒度和均匀性很重要，在设计用于疫苗递送的基于口服的递送系统时应予以考虑。这在本研究中得到证实，因为用两种类型的 niosome 和抗原处理的动物比未捕获的（游离）抗原更敏感。细胞因子分析表明，TFH niosomes 通过提高 IgG2a 和高水平的 IFN-ɣ 诱导 Th1 免疫反应，而 MM niosomes 通过诱导 IgG1 诱导 Th2 免疫反应（p < 0.05）。这些结果证实了制备方法niosomes 纳米粒子诱导不同的免疫反应，niosomes 的平均粒径因制造方法而异。这表明粒度和均匀性很重要，在设计用于疫苗递送的基于口服的递送系统时应予以考虑。