Smart contracts can be implemented using either centralized or decentralized (blockchain) platforms. However, for a large class of applications, neither of these two alternatives on its own can provide adequate scalability, performance, quality of service, security, and trust requirements. We argue that for many applications, hybrid solutions that combine both on and off‐blockchain components are more adequate. In this article, we introduce the design and implementation of a novel hybrid smart contract architecture built using the Ethereum blockchain connected to a centralized smart contract management system developed by us. We then compare and evaluate the implementation of an asset tracking service using three different architectures: on‐chain, off‐chain, and hybrid. We demonstrate that using a hybrid architecture, we can substantially improve performance of applications while retaining security and trust for critical tasks.

中文翻译：

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使用混合链上和链下架构的智能合约的实施和评估

智能合约可以使用集中式或分散式（区块链）平台来实施。但是，对于一大类应用程序，这两种选择本身都不能提供足够的可扩展性、性能、服务质量、安全性和信任要求。我们认为，对于许多应用程序，结合链上和链下组件的混合解决方案更合适。在本文中，我们介绍了一种新型混合智能合约架构的设计和实现，该架构使用连接到我们开发的集中式智能合约管理系统的以太坊区块链构建。然后，我们使用三种不同的架构来比较和评估资产跟踪服务的实现：链上、链下和混合。我们证明了使用混合架构，