Abstract The Paleozoic emergence of terrestrial plants has been linked to a stepwise increase in Earth's O2 levels and a cooling of Earth's climate by drawdown of atmospheric CO2. Vegetation affects the Earth's O2 and CO2 levels in multiple ways, including preferential organic carbon preservation by decay-resistant biopolymers (e.g. lignin) and changing the continental weathering regime that governs oceanic nutrient supply and marine biological production. Over shorter time scales (≤1 Myr), land plant evolution is hypothesized to have occasionally enhanced P weathering and fertilized the oceans, expanding marine anoxia and causing marine extinctions. Oceanic anoxia would eventually become limited by oceanic O2 uptake as oxygen accumulates in the atmosphere and surface oceans when excess organic carbon is buried in marine sediments. Here, we review hypotheses and evidence for how the evolving terrestrial ecosystems impacted atmospheric and oceanic O2 and CO2 from the Ordovician and into the Carboniferous (485–298.9 Ma). Five major ecological stages in the terrestrial realm occurred during the prolonged time interval when land was colonized by plants, animals and fungi, marked by the evolution of 1) non-vascular plants, 2) vascular plants with lignified tissue, 3) plants with shallow roots, 4) arborescent and perennial vegetation with deep and complex root systems, and 5) seed plants. The prediction that land vegetation profoundly impacted the Earth system is justified, although it is still debated how the individual transitions affected the Earth's O2 and CO2 levels. The geological record preserves multiple lines of indirect evidence for environmental transitions that can help us to reconstruct and quantify global controls on Earth's oxygenation and climate state.

中文翻译：

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陆地植物进化对地球气候和氧化状态的影响——跨学科综述

摘要 古生代陆生植物的出现与地球 O2 水平的逐步增加和大气 CO2 下降导致地球气候变冷有关。植被以多种方式影响地球的 O2 和 CO2 水平，包括通过抗腐生物聚合物（例如木质素）优先保存有机碳，以及改变控制海洋养分供应和海洋生物生产的大陆风化机制。在更短的时间尺度 (≤1 Myr) 内，陆地植物进化被假设偶尔会增强 P 风化并使海洋肥沃，扩大海洋缺氧并导致海洋灭绝。当过量的有机碳被埋在海洋沉积物中时，随着氧气在大气和表层海洋中积累，海洋缺氧最终会受到海洋 O2 吸收的限制。在这里，我们回顾了关于不断发展的陆地生态系统如何影响从奥陶纪到石炭纪（485-298.9 Ma）的大气和海洋 O2 和 CO2 的假设和证据。陆地领域的五个主要生态阶段发生在陆地被植物、动物和真菌定殖的较长时间间隔内，其特征是 1) 非维管植物，2) 具有木质化组织的维管植物，3) 浅层植物根，4) 具有深而复杂根系的乔木和多年生植被，以及 5) 种子植物。陆地植被对地球系统产生深远影响的预测是有道理的，尽管个体转变如何影响地球的 O2 和 CO2 水平仍存在争议。