Tomato is a major vegetable crop in Egypt and worldwide. Yet, many plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), especially Meloidogyne spp. and Rotylenchulus reniformis are a devastating threat to tomato cultivation in Egypt. This review addresses their biology, ecology, and economic importance from the standpoint of pest management. Soil treatment with synthetic nematicides has given some protection and enhanced tomato yields, but health hazards and environmental pollution are obstructing their intensive use. Moreover, some of such nematicides are being banned from the market. Therefore, safe biological control agents (BCAs) and their bioactive compounds should better be researched and developed to effectively replace hazardous nematicides. Abamectin, produced during the fermentation process of the actinomycete Streptomyces avermitilis, is recommended to manage PPNs of tomato in Egypt but further exploration should allocate where BCAs can reliably act with other agricultural inputs. Examples are given herein to streamline their development via synergistic interaction with compatible inputs such as chemicals and organic manure. Moreover, optimizing their delivery, interaction, and persistence under field conditions through novel ways such as the use of endophytic fungi and bacteria as well as bioactive molecules/nano-particles that have systemic activity in the nematode-infected plants should further be investigated and broadly disseminated.

中文翻译：

---

优化埃及防治番茄线虫的生物防治剂

番茄是埃及和世界范围内的主要蔬菜作物。然而，许多植物寄生线虫（PPN），尤其是Meloidogyne spp。轮虫和轮生轮虫对埃及的番茄种植造成了毁灭性的威胁。这篇综述从害虫管理的角度论述了它们的生物学，生态学和经济重要性。用合成杀线虫剂对土壤进行处理已经提供了一定的保护作用，并提高了番茄的产量，但是健康危害和环境污染阻碍了其大量使用。此外，某些杀线虫剂被禁止上市。因此，应该更好地研究和开发安全的生物防治剂（BCA）及其生物活性化合物，以有效替代有害的杀线虫剂。阿维菌素，是在放线菌阿维链霉菌发酵过程中产生的，建议在埃及管理番茄的PPN，但应在BCA可以可靠地与其他农业投入物可靠结合的地方进行进一步的勘探。本文给出了一些实例，以通过与相容性投入物（例如化学品和有机肥料）的协同相互作用来简化其开发过程。此外，应进一步研究并广泛研究在野外条件下通过使用内生真菌和细菌以及在线虫感染的植物中具有系统活性的生物活性分子/纳米粒子等新方法优化其递送，相互作用和持久性。传播。本文给出了一些实例，以通过与相容性投入物（例如化学品和有机肥料）的协同相互作用来简化其开发过程。此外，应进一步研究并广泛研究在野外条件下通过使用内生真菌和细菌以及在线虫感染的植物中具有系统活性的生物活性分子/纳米粒子等新方法优化其递送，相互作用和持久性。传播。本文给出了一些实例，以通过与相容性投入物（例如化学品和有机肥料）的协同相互作用来简化其开发过程。此外，应进一步研究并广泛研究在野外条件下通过使用内生真菌和细菌以及在线虫感染的植物中具有系统活性的生物活性分子/纳米粒子等新方法优化其递送，相互作用和持久性。传播。