Host-associated microbiomes shape and are shaped by myriad processes that ultimately delineate their symbiotic functions. Whereas a host's stable traits, such as its lineage, relate to gross aspects of its microbiome structure, transient factors, such as its varying physiological state, relate to shorter-term, structural variation. Our understanding of these relationships in primates derives principally from anthropoid studies and would benefit from a broader, comparative perspective. We thus examined the vaginal, labial, and axillary microbiota of captive, female ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and Coquerel's sifakas (Propithecus coquereli), across an ovarian cycle, to better understand their relation to stable (e.g. species identity/mating system, body site) and transient (e.g. ovarian hormone concentration, forest access) host features. We used 16S amplicon sequencing to determine microbial composition and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to measure serum hormone concentrations. We found marked variation in microbiota diversity and community composition between lemur species and their body sites. Across both host species, microbial diversity was significantly correlated with ovarian hormone concentrations; negatively with progesterone and positively with estradiol. The hosts' differential forest access related to the diversity of environmental microbes, particularly in axillary microbiomes. Such transient endogenous and exogenous modulators have potential implications for host reproductive health and behavioral ecology.

中文翻译：

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狐猴阴道，阴唇和腋生微生物区系的稳定和短暂结构变化：按物种，身体部位，卵巢激素和森林环境划分的模式。

宿主相关的微生物群形成并通过无数过程形成，这些过程最终描述了它们的共生功能。宿主的稳定特性（如谱系）与微生物组结构的总体方面有关，而瞬时因素（如生理状态的变化）与短期结构变化有关。我们对灵长类动物中这些关系的理解主要源于类人动物的研究，并将从更广泛的比较角度受益。因此，我们检查了整个卵巢周期中圈养的雌性环尾狐猴（Lemur catta）和Coquerel sifakas（Propithecus coquereli）的阴道，唇和腋生菌群，以更好地了解它们与稳定的关系（例如，物种身份/交配系统） ，身体部位）和短暂性（例如卵巢激素浓度，森林通道）宿主特征。我们使用16S扩增子测序来确定微生物组成，并使用酶联免疫吸附测定法测量血清激素浓度。我们发现狐猴物种及其身体部位之间的微生物群落多样性和群落组成存在明显差异。在两种寄主物种中，微生物多样性与卵巢激素浓度显着相关。孕酮阴性，雌二醇阳性。寄主的森林获取差异与环境微生物的多样性有关，特别是在腋生微生物群落中。这种短暂的内源性和外源性调节剂对宿主的生殖健康和行为生态学具有潜在的影响。我们发现狐猴物种及其身体部位之间的微生物群落多样性和群落组成存在明显差异。在两种寄主物种中，微生物多样性与卵巢激素浓度显着相关。孕酮阴性，雌二醇阳性。寄主的森林获取差异与环境微生物的多样性有关，特别是在腋生微生物群落中。这种短暂的内源性和外源性调节剂对宿主的生殖健康和行为生态学具有潜在的影响。我们发现狐猴物种及其身体部位之间的微生物群落多样性和群落组成存在明显差异。在两种寄主物种中，微生物多样性与卵巢激素浓度显着相关。孕酮阴性，雌二醇阳性。寄主的森林获取差异与环境微生物的多样性有关，特别是在腋生微生物群落中。这种短暂的内源性和外源性调节剂对宿主的生殖健康和行为生态学具有潜在的影响。森林的不同获取与环境微生物的多样性有关，特别是在腋生微生物群落中。这种短暂的内源性和外源性调节剂对宿主生殖健康和行为生态学具有潜在的影响。森林的不同获取与环境微生物的多样性有关，特别是在腋生微生物群落中。这种短暂的内源性和外源性调节剂对宿主的生殖健康和行为生态学具有潜在的影响。