ABSTRACT The Western Carpathians have recently been examined in several palaeoecological studies. However, some of their parts remain underexplored in terms of the Holocene history of mountain woodlands. We analysed an 8000-year-old peat sequence from the southern part of the Western Carpathians (the Bykovo site) for pollen, needles and stomata, and reviewed the data on the occurrence and spread of beech since the Last Glacial times in order to put results from Bykovo into the context of the whole Western Carpathians. For pre-industrial times, we reconstructed mixed beech–fir or beech–fir–spruce woodlands in zonal habitats, noble hardwood woodlands on screes, and spruce woodlands in peaty and wet habitats. A meta-analysis of available pollen data for beech revealed that a few sites in Pannonia and on the southern Carpathian fringes reached beech pollen abundances exceeding 0.5% at the very beginning of the Holocene (12–10 cal BP). Moreover, the pattern of reaching greater pollen abundance limits showed a clear south-to-north gradient starting in the Pannonian lowland. Therefore, the direction of the spread of beech based on pollen abundances and the absence of beech macrofossil evidence during the Last Glacial Maximum do not support local glacial refugia of beech directly in the Western Carpathians. The timing of local beech occurrence (empirical pollen limit of 1.4–2%) and its expansion (rational pollen limit of up to 5%) at the Bykovo site fits well this gradual spread of beech from the south. The first period of beech spread in the Bykovo area around 6250 cal BP coincides well with the period of increased precipitation between 6100 and 6800 cal BP, as reconstructed by different proxies (e.g. stable isotopes) for the Western Carpathians.

中文翻译：

---

西喀尔巴阡山脉南部山区林地的最后一次冰川和全新世历史，重点是山毛榉的传播

摘要 西喀尔巴阡山脉最近在几项古生态学研究中得到了检验。然而，就山地林地的全新世历史而言，它们的某些部分仍未得到充分探索。我们分析了西喀尔巴阡山脉南部（比科沃遗址）8000 年前的泥炭序列的花粉、针叶和气孔，并回顾了自末次冰期以来山毛榉发生和传播的数据，以便将结果从 Bykovo 进入整个西喀尔巴阡山脉的背景。在前工业时代，我们重建了带状栖息地中的山毛榉-冷杉或山毛榉-冷杉-云杉混合林地、碎石上的高贵硬木林地以及泥炭和潮湿栖息地中的云杉林地。对山毛榉可用花粉数据的荟萃分析显示，潘诺尼亚和喀尔巴阡山脉南部边缘的一些地点在全新世初期（12-10 cal BP）达到了超过 0.5% 的山毛榉花粉丰度。此外，达到更大花粉丰度极限的模式显示出从潘诺尼亚低地开始的明显的南北梯度。因此，基于花粉丰度的山毛榉传播方向和末次盛冰期山毛榉大化石证据的缺失不支持直接在西喀尔巴阡山脉的山毛榉局部冰川避难。Bykovo 遗址当地山毛榉出现的时间（经验花粉限制为 1.4-2%）及其扩展（合理花粉限制高达 5%）与山毛榉从南部逐渐蔓延的情况非常吻合。