ABSTRACT The ultrastructure of anthers, staminodes, and pollen of Mangifera indica L. was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and pollen viability assessed using light (LM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM). Ultrastructural observation revealed anther surfaces with polygonal cells and hollow centres arranged in a reticulate manner, with swollen cells on the edges of the anther surfaces. Anther dehiscence is longitudinal, with pollen released through a long slit in both thecae. The average length and width of staminodes of male and hermaphroditic flowers measured 0.7 mm × 0.35 mm and 0.65 mm × 0.3 mm, respectively. Distinct ridge and hook-like outgrowths on the adaxial surface of staminodes are described, as are staminode surfaces comprised of long, irregular cells with stomata exuding nectar. Staminodes produced no pollen. Anthers of male flowers produced more pollen grains (536–537) than did anthers of hermaphrodite flowers (510–511). Pollen grains are tricolporate, have reticulate perforate exine ornamentation, and are bi-cellular at dispersal. Anther and staminode size and pollen production was greater but not significantly different in male versus hermaphrodite flowers. In contrast, the fluorochromatic reaction (FCR) test and FM observations found significantly higher pollen viabilities in hermaphroditic (50.1%) versus male (40.4%) flowers. This research provides new ultrastructural characters potentially useful in future taxonomic studies of mango and other Anacardiaceae. Results presented here may also be useful in pollination studies, and in the improvement of mango breeding programmes and commercial fruit production.

中文翻译：

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芒果花药、退化雄蕊和花粉粒的超微结构观察（Mangifera indica L. var. Beneshan; Anacardiaceae）

摘要 使用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM) 研究了芒果的花药、退化雄蕊和花粉的超微结构，并使用光 (LM) 和荧光显微镜 (FM) 评估了花粉活力。超微结构观察显示花药表面具有多边形细胞和空心排列成网状的花药表面，在花药表面的边缘有肿胀的细胞。花药开裂是纵向的，花粉通过两个囊中的长缝释放。雄花和雌雄同体花的退化雄蕊的平均长度和宽度分别为 0.7 mm × 0.35 mm 和 0.65 mm × 0.3 mm。描述了退化雄蕊正面表面上独特的脊和钩状生长物，以及由长而不规则的细胞组成的退化雄蕊表面，气孔渗出花蜜。退化雄蕊不产生花粉。雄花的花药（536-537）比雌雄同体的花药（510-511）产生更多的花粉粒。花粉粒是三孔的，有网状穿孔外壁纹饰，散布时是双细胞的。雄花和雌雄同体的花药和退化雄蕊的大小和花粉产量更大，但没有显着差异。相比之下，荧光染色反应 (FCR) 测试和 FM 观察发现雌雄同体 (50.1%) 与雄性 (40.4%) 花的花粉活力显着更高。这项研究提供了新的超微结构特征，在未来芒果和其他漆树科的分类学研究中可能有用。此处介绍的结果也可用于授粉研究、改进芒果育种计划和商业水果生产。