Abstract Raabe JK, VanDeHey JA, Zentner DL, Cross TK, Sass GG. 2019. Walleye inland lake habitat: considerations for successful natural recruitment and stocking in North Central North America. Lake Reserve Manage. 36:335–359. Walleye (Sander vitreus) occur naturally or through extensive introductions in many inland lakes (i.e., non-Laurentian Great Lakes) throughout North Central North America. Persistence of walleye in these systems is influenced by factors including habitat, species interactions, exploitation, and stocking. Managers have expressed concerns about recent declining walleye recruitment and abundance in many inland populations, despite various conservation efforts (e.g., stocking, regulations). Therefore, we synthesized the scientific literature to provide information on how habitat influences successful natural recruitment and stocking. Historical and more recent studies indicate walleye are most successful in coolwater, mesotrophic, intermediate-to-large (>100 ha) lakes and that they spawn close to shore, in shallow water, and predominately over gravel and cobble substrates. Recent studies suggest that age-0 recruitment bottlenecks are likely occurring between hatching and midsummer. Relatedly, survival of stocked walleye tends to be higher for large fingerlings over fry or small fingerlings. Modeling studies indicate walleye declines may be attributed to warmer water and increasing water clarity, especially in smaller lakes or those with higher Centrarchidae or northern pike (Esox lucius) abundance. Important future walleye research includes connecting spawning habitat quality and quantity with hatching and recruitment success and continued evaluation of influential factors in the first year and later life stages. Management should focus on identifying and protecting high quality lakes and important habitats (e.g., spawning), along with understanding habitat and biological factors to determine whether walleye populations can be improved (e.g., habitat projects, stocking, regulations) or in some cases not managed for altogether (e.g., too warm).

中文翻译：

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角膜白斑内陆湖栖息地：北美中北部成功自然补充和放养的考虑因素

摘要 Raabe JK、VanDeHey JA、Zentner DL、Cross TK、Sass GG。2019. Walleye 内陆湖栖息地：北美中北部成功自然招募和放养的考虑因素。湖泊保护区管理。36:335-359。角膜白斑（Sander vitreus）在北美中北部的许多内陆湖泊（即非劳伦大湖）中自然发生或通过广泛引入。角膜白斑在这些系统中的持久性受到栖息地、物种相互作用、开发和放养等因素的影响。尽管采取了各种保护措施（例如放养、法规），但管理人员对最近许多内陆种群中白眼鱼的数量和数量下降表示担忧。所以，我们综合了科学文献，以提供有关栖息地如何影响成功的自然补充和放养的信息。历史和最近的研究表明，角膜白斑在冷水、中营养、中型到大型（>100 公顷）湖泊中最为成功，它们在靠近岸边的浅水中产卵，主要在砾石和鹅卵石基质上产卵。最近的研究表明，0 岁的招募瓶颈很可能发生在孵化和仲夏之间。相关地，大鱼种比鱼苗或小鱼种放养的大眼鱼的存活率往往更高。建模研究表明，角膜白斑的数量下降可能是由于水温升高和水的透明度增加，尤其是在较小的湖泊中，或者在中心鱼科或北梭鱼 (Esox lucius) 丰度较高的湖泊中。未来重要的角膜白斑研究包括将产卵栖息地的质量和数量与孵化和补充成功联系起来，以及对第一年和生命后期影响因素的持续评估。管理应侧重于识别和保护优质湖泊和重要栖息地（例如产卵），同时了解栖息地和生物因素，以确定是否可以改善角膜白斑种群（例如栖息地项目、放养、法规）或在某些情况下不予管理完全（例如，太热）。