ABSTRACT Human settlement in Bay of Islands, New Zealand, beginning ∼1300 AD, wrought immense, conspicuous and enduring change to local shallow-water marine ecologies, this review addressing those transformations attributable to increased rates of anthropogenically induced, land-derived sedimentation. Elevated silt inflow, particularly after the late-1800s, in course led to ∼130% expansion in mangrove (Avicennia marina) cover, with concomitant loss of saltmarsh, uppershore coarse-shell beaches/cheniers, and (probably) intertidal seagrass (Zostera muelleri). Sedimentation also led to widespread loss of estuarine shellfish habitat, and, although not necessarily categorically causal, seems, at the same time to have contributed to such degradation among cockle (Austrovenus stutchburyi) populations that few individuals attain their potential size. Most changes, many seemingly irreversible, can be described as ecologically catastrophic, with ecosystems altered and destroyed, and uncommon habitats threatened. Sedimentation appears the single-most important and enduring contributor to ecological degradation in shallow waters of this northern harbour, with time lags between stressor-onset and realisation of impact (decades to centuries) that only now are becoming clear. Outstanding issues concern establishing the extent of relationship between levels of terrigenous sedimentation and cockles seldom attaining their previous maximum sizes, and origins of the possibly new, widespread phenomenon of living cockles accumulating and dying atop beach surfaces.

中文翻译：

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审查人为陆源沉积对新西兰北部海湾浅海生态系统的深远生态影响

摘要 新西兰岛屿湾的人类住区，从公元 1300 年开始，给当地浅水海洋生态带来了巨大、显着和持久的变化，这篇评论解决了由于人为诱发的陆源沉积速率增加而导致的那些转变。淤泥流入量增加，特别是在 1800 年代后期之后，当然导致红树林（Avicennia marina）覆盖面积扩大约 130%，伴随着盐沼、上岸粗壳海滩/cheniers 和（可能）潮间带海草（Zostera muelleri）的消失）。沉积作用还导致河口贝类栖息地的广泛丧失，虽然不一定绝对是因果关系，但似乎同时也导致了鸟蛤（Austrovenus stutchburyi）种群的这种退化，以至于很少有个体达到其潜在大小。大多数变化，许多看似不可逆转，可被描述为生态灾难性的，生态系统被改变和破坏，罕见的栖息地受到威胁。沉积物似乎是这个北部港口浅水区生态退化的最重要和持久的因素，压力源开始和影响实现之间的时间滞后（几十到几个世纪）现在才变得清晰。悬而未决的问题涉及确定陆源沉积水平与很少达到以前最大尺寸的鸟蛤之间的关系程度，以及可能新的、广泛存在的活鸟蛤在海滩表面堆积和死亡的现象的起源。和不常见的栖息地受到威胁。沉积物似乎是这个北部港口浅水区生态退化的最重要和持久的因素，压力源开始和影响实现之间的时间滞后（几十到几个世纪）现在才变得清晰。悬而未决的问题涉及确定陆源沉积水平与很少达到以前最大尺寸的鸟蛤之间的关系程度，以及可能新的、广泛存在的活鸟蛤在海滩表面堆积和死亡的现象的起源。和不常见的栖息地受到威胁。沉积物似乎是这个北部港口浅水区生态退化的最重要和持久的因素，压力源开始和影响实现之间的时间滞后（几十到几个世纪）现在才变得清晰。悬而未决的问题涉及确定陆源沉积水平与很少达到以前最大尺寸的鸟蛤之间的关系程度，以及可能新的、广泛存在的活鸟蛤在海滩表面堆积和死亡的现象的起源。