ABSTRACT To meet the challenges of preventing and reversing adverse effects of land use on ecosystems, management actions need to be founded on strong evidence. We used the pressure-state-impact (PSI) framework to assess evidence of land-use effects on New Zealand freshwater ecosystems. The evidence consisted of published quantitative and categorical associations linking land-use pressures to state changes and ecological impacts in rivers, lakes and aquifers. There was substantial evidence of land-use effects, particularly where land use/land cover (LULC) classes were used as pressure variables. Proportions of catchment area in urban and pastoral LULC were consistently, positively correlated with contaminant levels in water bodies and negatively correlated with ecological-health indicators. Other consistent PSI associations included positive correlations between cattle stocking rates and river contaminant levels, increased fine sediment and decreased ecological-health scores in rivers following forest harvest, and increased river contaminant levels at sites with stock access. Despite these consistent associations, the evidence base has four general shortcomings that should be addressed: (1) inadequate integration of data and models that link land use and contaminant loss to state changes and impacts in freshwater ecosystems; (2) weak inferences based on LULC; (3) reliance on categorical PSI associations; (4) gaps in reported PSI associations.

中文翻译：

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土地利用对新西兰淡水生态系统影响的证据

摘要 为了应对防止和扭转土地利用对生态系统不利影响的挑战，管理行动需要建立在强有力的证据基础上。我们使用压力-状态-影响 (PSI) 框架来评估土地利用对新西兰淡水生态系统影响的证据。证据包括已发表的定量和分类关联，将土地利用压力与河流、湖泊和含水层的状态变化和生态影响联系起来。有大量证据表明土地利用效应，特别是在土地利用/土地覆盖 (LULC) 类别被用作压力变量的情况下。城市和牧区LULC的集水区比例始终与水体污染物水平呈正相关，与生态健康指标呈负相关。其他一致的 PSI 关联包括牲畜放养率与河流污染物水平之间的正相关、森林收获后河流中细沙增加和生态健康评分降低，以及在有牲畜的地点增加河流污染物水平。尽管有这些一致的关联，证据库有四个普遍的缺点需要解决：(1) 将土地利用和污染物损失与淡水生态系统的状态变化和影响联系起来的数据和模型的整合不足；(2) 基于LULC的弱推理；(3) 依赖分类 PSI 协会；(4) 报告的 PSI 协会的差距。并在有库存的地点增加河流污染物水平。尽管有这些一致的关联，证据库有四个普遍的缺点需要解决：(1) 将土地利用和污染物损失与淡水生态系统的状态变化和影响联系起来的数据和模型的整合不足；(2) 基于LULC的弱推理；(3) 依赖分类 PSI 协会；(4) 报告的 PSI 协会的差距。并在有库存的地点增加河流污染物水平。尽管有这些一致的关联，证据库有四个普遍的缺点需要解决：(1) 将土地利用和污染物损失与淡水生态系统的状态变化和影响联系起来的数据和模型的整合不足；(2) 基于LULC的弱推理；(3) 依赖分类 PSI 协会；(4) 报告的 PSI 协会的差距。