ABSTRACT Percutaneous thermal ablation has proven to be an effective modality for treating both benign and malignant tumours in various tissues. Among these modalities, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is the most promising and widely adopted approach that has been extensively studied in the past decades. Microwave ablation (MWA) is a newly emerging modality that is gaining rapid momentum due to its capability of inducing rapid heating and attaining larger ablation volumes, and its lesser susceptibility to the heat sink effects as compared to RFA. Although the goal of both these therapies is to attain cell death in the target tissue by virtue of heating above 50°C, their underlying mechanism of action and principles greatly differs. Computational modelling is a powerful tool for studying the effect of electromagnetic interactions within the biological tissues and predicting the treatment outcomes during thermal ablative therapies. Such a priori estimation can assist the clinical practitioners during treatment planning with the goal of attaining successful tumour destruction and preservation of the surrounding healthy tissue and critical structures. This review provides current state-of-the-art developments and associated challenges in the computational modelling of thermal ablative techniques, viz., RFA and MWA, as well as touch upon several promising avenues in the modelling of laser ablation, nanoparticles assisted magnetic hyperthermia and non-invasive RFA. The application of RFA in pain relief has been extensively reviewed from modelling point of view. Additionally, future directions have also been provided to improve these models for their successful translation and integration into the hospital work flow.

中文翻译：

---

疾病治疗中生物组织的热消融：计算模型和未来方向的回顾

摘要经皮热消融已被证明是治疗各种组织中的良性和恶性肿瘤的有效方式。在这些方式中，射频消融 (RFA) 是最有前途和最广泛采用的方法，在过去几十年中得到了广泛研究。微波消融 (MWA) 是一种新兴的方式，由于其能够引起快速加热并获得更大的消融体积，并且与 RFA 相比，它对散热器效应的敏感性较低，因此正在迅速发展。尽管这两种疗法的目标都是通过加热超过 50°C 来实现靶组织中的细胞死亡，但它们的基本作用机制和原理却大不相同。计算建模是研究生物组织内电磁相互作用的影响和预测热消融治疗过程中治疗结果的有力工具。这种先验估计可以在治疗计划期间帮助临床从业者，目标是成功破坏肿瘤并保护周围的健康组织和关键结构。本综述提供了热消融技术（即 RFA 和 MWA）计算建模方面的最新进展和相关挑战，并涉及激光消融、纳米粒子辅助磁热疗建模中的几个有前景的途径和非侵入性 RFA。RFA 在缓解疼痛中的应用已经从建模的角度进行了广泛的审查。此外，