Industrialization and urbanization are contributing extensively to the production of wastewater, which mostly ends up untreated in water bodies, leading to water pollution. Treatment of wastewater could be a promising approach in mitigating the pollution. Nano-biotechnology (NBT), which is an emerging technology, has excellent potential in wastewater treatment. Nano-materials have the ability to remove pollutants and pathogens by working either as the stand-alone treatment agents or by being incorporated into biological membranes and integrated with the conventional treatment techniques. This review presents an overview of possible applications of NBT in wastewater treatment, highlighting the antimicrobial activities of various nanomaterials, and describing the production of algal membrane-based bioreactor and microbial fuel cells. Significant difficulties in NBT utilization in wastewater treatment are also discussed. Further research directions needed to provide a sustainable method of water purification are proposed.

工业化和城市化为废水的生产做出了巨大贡献，废水最终大多未经水体处理，导致水污染。废水处理可能是减轻污染的一种有前途的方法。纳米生物技术（NBT）是一种新兴技术，在废水处理方面具有巨大潜力。纳米材料具有作为单独的处理剂或通过掺入生物膜并与常规处理技术整合的能力，能够去除污染物和病原体。这篇综述概述了NBT在废水处理中的可能应用，重点介绍了各种纳米材料的抗菌活性，并描述了基于藻膜的生物反应器和微生物燃料电池的生产。还讨论了在废水处理中利用NBT的重大困难。提出了进一步的研究方向，以提供一种可持续的水净化方法。