ABSTRACT Historically, thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes, including the orders Laboulbeniales and Herpomycetales, were set apart because of their distinctive morphology and ecology. Although some biologists correctly interpreted these arthropod ectoparasites as fungi, even ascomycetes, others thought they were worms, red algae, or members of taxa described especially for them. Speculation on the evolution of the group involving red algae, the morphology-based Floridean Hypothesis, persisted deep into the 20th century, in part because valid alternatives were not presented. Although the distinctive features of Laboulbeniales clearly set them apart from other fungi, the difficulty was in the absence of characters grouping them among the fungi. Thaxter considered the Laboulbeniales to be ascomycetes, but he avoided phylogenetic discussions involved in the Floridean Hypothesis all of his life. Eventually, developmental studies of the life history of Pyxidiophora species, hyphal perithecial ascomycetes with 2-celled ascospores, revealed characters connecting Laboulbeniales to other ascomycetes. The distinctive morphological features of Laboulbeniales (absence of mycelium, a thallus developed from 2-celled ascospores by cell divisions in several planes, arthropod parasitism) can be best understood by comparison with Pyxidiophora. The development of a 3-dimensional thallus composed of true parenchyma occurs not only in Laboulbeniales, but also in Pyxidiophora species. The life history of arthropod ectoparasitism of Laboulbeniales as well as mycoparasitism and phoretic dispersal by arthropods of Pyxidiophora species can be explained by Tranzschel’s Law, originally applied to rust fungi. Molecular analyses including other arthropod-associated fungi have contributed to a better understanding of an enlarged class, Laboulbeniomycetes, which now includes a clade comprising Chantransiopsis, Tetrameronycha, and Subbaromyces. A two-locus phylogenetic tree highlights evolutionary and life history questions with regard to the placement of Herpomycetales as the first diverging lineage of the Laboulbeniomycetes. The sister group for all the Laboulbeniomycetes remains to be discovered.

中文翻译：

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Laboulbeniomycetes：进化、自然历史和萨克斯特的最后一句话

摘要 从历史上看，形成菌体的 Laboulbeniomycetes，包括 Laboulbeniales 和 Herpomycetales，因其独特的形态和生态而被分开。尽管一些生物学家正确地将这些节肢动物体外寄生虫解释为真菌，甚至是子囊菌，但其他人认为它们是蠕虫、红藻或专门为它们描述的类群成员。关于红藻类进化的推测，即基于形态学的佛罗里达假说，一直持续到 20 世纪，部分原因是没有提出有效的替代方案。尽管 Laboulbeniales 的显着特征将它们与其他真菌明显区分开来，但困难在于缺乏将它们归类为真菌的特征。Thaxter 认为 Laboulbeniales 是子囊菌，但他一生都在回避与佛罗里达假说有关的系统发育讨论。最终，对 Pyxidiophora 物种（带有 2 细胞子囊孢子的菌丝周膜子囊菌）生活史的发育研究揭示了将 Laboulbeniales 与其他子囊菌联系起来的特征。Laboulbeniales 的独特形态特征（没有菌丝体，一种由 2 细胞子囊孢子通过在几个平面上的细胞分裂发育而成的菌体，节肢动物寄生）可以通过与 Pyxidiophora 进行比较来最好地理解。由真正的薄壁组织组成的 3 维菌体的发育不仅发生在 Laboulbeniales 中，而且发生在 Pyxidiophora 物种中。Laboulbeniales 节肢动物体外寄生的生活史以及 Pyxidiophora 种节肢动物的真菌寄生和游动传播可以用 Tranzschel 定律解释，该定律最初适用于锈菌。包括其他节肢动物相关真菌在内的分子分析有助于更好地了解扩大的类别 Laboulbeniomycetes，该类别现在包括一个由 Chantransiopsis、Tetrameronycha 和 Subbaromyces 组成的进化枝。一个双位点系统发育树突出了关于 Herpomycetales 作为 Laboulbeniomycetes 的第一个不同谱系的位置的进化和生活史问题。所有 Laboulbeniomycetes 的姐妹群仍有待发现。包括其他节肢动物相关真菌在内的分子分析有助于更好地了解一个扩大的类别 Laboulbeniomycetes，它现在包括一个由 Chantransiopsis、Tetrameronycha 和 Subbaromyces 组成的进化枝。一个双位点系统发育树突出了关于 Herpomycetales 作为 Laboulbeniomycetes 的第一个不同谱系的位置的进化和生活史问题。所有 Laboulbeniomycetes 的姐妹群仍有待发现。包括其他节肢动物相关真菌在内的分子分析有助于更好地了解扩大的类别 Laboulbeniomycetes，该类别现在包括一个由 Chantransiopsis、Tetrameronycha 和 Subbaromyces 组成的进化枝。一个双位点系统发育树突出了关于 Herpomycetales 作为 Laboulbeniomycetes 的第一个不同谱系的位置的进化和生活史问题。所有 Laboulbeniomycetes 的姐妹群仍有待发现。