Agroforestry (AF) is considered to be a sustainable land use practice as it combines agricultural production with multiple beneficial effects such as carbon sequestration, enhanced nutrient cycling and increased biodiversity. Quantification of these beneficial effects in temperate arable fields is still limited, however, and most studies focus on one sole parameter (i.e., impact on crop productivity, soil quality, biodiversity, etc.). Combined effects are only rarely considered, resulting in a lack of integrated quantification. Here we assess the effect of rows of walnut trees (Juglans regia L.) on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil nutrient status, the presence of potentially beneficial ground-dwelling arthropods and on the yield and quality of neighboring arable crops. Significantly higher SOC and soil nutrient concentrations were found near the trees, which is assumed to be primarily a result of tree leaf litter input. Abundance of macro-detritivorous arthropods was increased in and near the tree rows, whereas only limited effects of tree presence were found on the presence of the predatory arthropod taxa under study. The yield of all crops under study was reduced as a result of tree presence, with the strongest reductions observed for grain maize and sugar beet near the trees (<10 m). In addition, alteration of crop quality was observed near tree rows with decreased dry matter concentration of grain samples and increased crude protein concentration of winter cereals.

中文翻译：

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温带农林业系统中的核桃核桃：对土壤特征、节肢动物多样性和作物产量的影响

农林业（AF）被认为是一种可持续的土地利用实践，因为它将农业生产与多种有益效果相结合，例如碳封存、增强的养分循环和增加的生物多样性。然而，对温带耕地的这些有益影响的量化仍然有限，大多数研究都集中在一个单一的参数上（即对作物生产力、土壤质量、生物多样性等的影响）。很少考虑组合效应，导致缺乏综合量化。在这里，我们评估一排核桃树的效果（核桃L.) 对土壤有机碳 (SOC)、土壤养分状况、潜在有益的地栖节肢动物的存在以及对邻近可耕作物的产量和质量的影响。在树木附近发现了显着更高的 SOC 和土壤养分浓度，这被认为主要是树叶凋落物输入的结果。在树行中和树行附近增加了大型碎屑性节肢动物的丰度，而在研究中发现树的存在对捕食性节肢动物类群的存在的影响有限。由于树木的存在，研究中的所有作物的产量都下降了，在树木附近（<10 m）观察到的谷物玉米和甜菜的减产幅度最大。此外，